Mechanical Behavior of Materials

1. Mechanical Behavior of Materials Marc Andre´ Meyers & Krishnan K. Chawla Cambridge University Press

2. Chapter 1: Materials, Structure, Properties, and Performance

3. Thomas’s Iterative Tetrahedron

4. Properties of 3 Main Classes of Materials

5. Biological Materials: Dental Implants in the Jawbone

6. Biological Materials: Typical Hip and Knee Prostheses (a) Total hip replacement prosthesis: (b) total knee replacement prosthesis.

7. Composites • Schematic representations of different classes of composites. • (b) Different kinds of reinforcement in composite materials. Composite with continuous fibers with • four different orientations

8. Modulus and Strength in Materials

9. Hierarchical Structure

10. Crystal Structure

11. Miller Indices

12. Hexagonal Structure

13. Metallic Structures

14. FCC and HCP Structures (a) Layer of most closely packed atoms corresponding to (111) in FCC and (00.1) in HCP. (b) Packing sequence of most densely packed planes in AB and AC sequence. (c) Photograph of ball model showing the ABAB sequence of the HCP structure. (d) Photograph of ball model showing the ABCABC sequence of the FCC structure.

15. Different Structures of Ceramics

16. Structure of Glasses • Ordered crystalline of silica • Random-network • glassy of silica (c) Specific Volume vs. temperature for glassy and crystalline forms of material (c) (d) (e) Atomic arrangements in crystalline and glassy metals (d) (e)

17. Classification of Polymers (a) Homopolymer: one type of repeating unit. (b) Random copolymer: two monomers, A and B, distributed randomly. (c) Block copolymer: a sequence of monomer A, followed by a sequence of monomer B. (d) Graft copolymer: Monomer A forms the main chain, while monomer B forms the branched chains. Different types of molecular chain configurations.

18. Tacticity in Polypropylene Tacticity, or the order of placement of side groups.

19. Crystallinity of Polymers (a) Electron micrograph of a lamellar Crystal showing growth spirals around screw dislocation (a) • Spherulitic structures: • Typical form of spherulitic structure • Each having radially • arranged narrow crystalline • lamellae • Each lamella has tightly packed • polymer chains folding back and forth

20. Polymer Chain Configuration

21. Molecular Weight and Chain Distribution A schematic molecular weight distribution curve. Various molecular weight parameters are indicated.

22. Liquid Crystals Different types of order in the liquid crystalline state.

23. Mechanical Behavior of Biological Materials Stress–strain curves for biological materials. (a) Urether. (After F. C. P. Yin and Y. C. Fung, Am. J. Physiol. 221 (1971), 1484.) (b) Human femur bone. (After F. G. Evans, Artificial Limbs, 13 (1969) 37.)

24. Crack Propagation in a Abalone Shell (a) Cross section ofabalone shell showing how a crack, starting at left, is deflected byviscoplastic layer between calcium carbonate lamellae (mesoscale). (b) Schematic drawing showing arrangement of calcium carbonate in nacre, forming a miniature “brick and mortar” structure (microscale).

25. Porous and Cellular Materials • Compressive stress–strain curves for foams. • Polyethylene with different initial densities. • Mullite with relative density Px/Ps = 0.08. (Adapted from L. J. Gibson and M. F. Ashby, Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties (Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon Press, 1988), pp. 124, 125.) • Schematic of a sandwich structure.

26. Biomaterial: Toucan Beak Cellular materials: (a) synthetic aluminium foam; (b) foam found in the inside of toucan beak.(Courtesy of M. S. Schneider andK. S. Vecchio.) (a) Toucan beak; (b) external shell made of keratin scales.

27. Biomaterials: Atomic Structure Atomic structure of hydroxyapatite: small white atoms (P), large gray atoms (O), black atoms (Ca). (b) Atomic structure of aragonite: large dark atoms (Ca), small gray atoms (C), large white atoms (O).

28. Amino Acids

29. DNA Structure

30. Collagen Triple helix structure of collagen. (Adapted from Y. C. Fung, Biomechanics: Mechanical properties of Living Tissues (Berlin: Springer, 1993).) Hierarchical organization of collagen, starting with triple helix, and going to fibrils. (From H. Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 4th ed. (New York, W.H. Freeman & Company, 1999).)

31. Mechanical Properties of a Collagen Fiber Idealized configuration of a wavy collagen fiber. Stress–strain curve of collagen with three characteristic stages.

32. Muscle Fiber Molecular structure of (a) actin and (b) myosin; (c) action of cross-bridges when actin filament is moved to left with respect to myosin filament; notice how cross-bridges detach themselves, then reattach themselves to actin.

33. Muscle Structure

34. Biomaterial: Sponge Spicule SEM of fractured sponge spicule showing two-dimensional onion-skin structure of concentric layers. (Courtesy of G Mayer and M. Sarikaya.) Stress-deflection responses of synthetic silica rod and sponge spicule in flexuretesting. (Courtesy of M. Sarikaya and G. Mayer.)

35. Active (smart) Materials • σ -stress • P-polarization • ε-strain • E-electric field • d- polarizability tensor (a) Effect of applied field E on dimension of ferroelectric material. (b) Linear relationship between strain and electric field. (Courtesy of G. Ravichandran.)

36. Electronic Materials Cross section of a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS). (Adapted from W. D. Nix, Met. Trans., 20A (1989) 2217.)

37. Nanomaterials: Carbon Nanotubes Array of parallel carbon nanotubes grown as a forest. (From R. H. Baughman, A. A. Zakhidov and W. A. de Heer, Science, 297 (2002) 787.) Three configurations for single wall carbon nanotubes: (a) arm chair; (b) “zig-zag”; (c)chiral.(Adapted from M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and R. Saito, Carbon, 33 (1995) 883.)