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Chapter 15

Chapter 15 . Crucible of Freedom: Civil War, 1861-1865. Key Issues. Mobilizing for War IN Battle, 1861-62 Emancipation Transforms the War, 63 War and Society, N & S The Union Victorious, 64-65. Mobilizing For War: Recruit & Conscript. N (16 Th troops) & S unprepared

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 Crucible of Freedom: Civil War, 1861-1865

  2. Key Issues • Mobilizing for War • IN Battle, 1861-62 • Emancipation Transforms the War, 63 • War and Society, N & S • The Union Victorious, 64-65

  3. Mobilizing For War: Recruit & Conscript • N (16Th troops) & S unprepared • N: 1/3 officers joined Confederacy, L as yokel, no direct taxes in decades, never drafted • S: no tax structure, no navy, only 2 gunpower factories, poorly equipped, unconnected railroad • Had to overcame these deficits in 2 yrs; expanded central gov’t power

  4. Mobilizing For War: Recruit & Conscript • 2M men served in N; 800Th in S • S: 1st conscription law in Apr ’62 • Age limit changed fr. 18 to 17 up to 50 fr. 35: • serve 3 yrs.Changed to duration of war • Antagonized the South; loophole of substitute closed in ’63 • 20 Negro Law: exempt rich men • S: solid munitions by ’62 due to Josiah Gorgas

  5. Mobilizing For War: supplies & food • S: lack supplies & food due to focus on tobacco & cotton; Union overran livestock & grain-raising districts • Impressment Act “63: officers take food as prescribed prices & impressed slave labor • N: No problems w/ food & supplies • N: Enrollment Act “63: age 20-45 • Exemption: high officials, ministers, sole supporters of widows & orphans; substitution & commutation ($300 fee)

  6. Mobilizing For War: Financing the War • In ’61 N raised income tax, S small property tax: not enough • Both turned to war bonds (loans fr. Citizens to be repaid in specie) • S: $15M; N $150M • Specie scarcity led N&S to paper money • N: Legal Tender Act $150M greenbacks (treasurer Salmon Chase) • S: never legalized paper $; no confidence; then printed more ($1B) that led to inflation of 9TH% (Christopher Memminger) • N: Republicans pushed for Nat’l Bank Act in ’63: fed chartered & issue nat’l bank notes; shows greater political cohesion during war

  7. Mobilizing For War: Leadership S. advantage of strong leaders • Pres. Jefferson Davis: experience, West Pointer, knack for making enemies • 5 Secretaries of War in 5 yrs. N. disadvantage: political liability • Lincoln: W. manners; yokel; inexperienced in neither Senate nor cabinet • Caught between Conservative & Radical; he communicated w/ both • Radical Republicans berated him not making emancipation a war goal & for eagerly admitting rebel states into Union

  8. Mobilizing For War: J Davis & his VP Alex Stephens (GA) S. advantage of strong leaders • Davis goal: secure victory & secure independence • A. Stephen adhered to Conf. Constitution: protect slavery & states’ rights; no protective tariff & no internal improvements

  9. Mobilizing For War: Lincoln & N. Democrats • L demanded strong gov’t to win war • N. Democrats resisted centralized gov’t • L better at controlling his foes than Davis • N. Democrats apposed L led Republicans to unify behind L: Union stronger politically • S. Democrats & Whigs suspended rivalries but no unity behind Davis who couln’t get votes to pass measures

  10. Mobilizing For War: Securing the Union’s Borders L: guarded DC bordered by VA & MD (slaves); dispatched fed troops to MD & suspended writ of habeas corpus (p.443) citing state of rebellion in Constitution Art.1.9 • Fed could now arrest Marylanders w/out formally charging them w/ specific offenses…causing MD & DL to reject secession: • Arming of Union sympathizer in KT (slave but Unionist legislature, successionist governor): KT declared U • MO declared Unionist, WV admitted in ’63 • Union held key rivers in KT & MO

  11. In Battle, 61-62 1st modern war due to reliance on • railroads • telegraph • mass-produced weapons • joint-army-navy tactics • iron-plated warships • rifled guns & artillery • trench warfare

  12. In Battle, 61-62 : Armies, Weapons, Strategies Union advantage: • 22M people in ’61 vs. 9M (1/3 slaves) in S. • 3.5 times white men of military age • 90% of all US industrial capacity • 2/3 of all railroad tracks Union disadvantage: must force S back into Union; S fought for independence

  13. In Battle, 61-62 : Armies, Weapons, Strategies Union disadvantage: • Few troops for frontline due to defend long supply lines; The S. used slave labor • Had to move troops & supplies long distances: sabotage, bad roads & weather,

  14. In Battle, 61-62 : Armies, Weapons, Strategies Rifle changed tactics: • 50’s improvement: bullet whose powder not clog internal grooves • Had to be reloaded after each shot, but Springfield or Enfield riffles hit target at 400 yards fr. 80 • Defending force can now fire several instead of 1 or 2 rounds before closing w/ the enemy • Harder to get close enough for bayonet • Turn to trenches for protection against rifle fire • W/ riffles, foot soldiers more effective than cavalry

  15. In Battle, 61-62 : Armies, Weapons, Strategies • Rifle changed tactics but high casualties from duration rather than rife efficacy • Surprise attack was more effective • Ex: Fredericksburg in ’62 Conf. struck Union w/ high casualties • Ex: in Gettysburg ’63 Union shredded charging Confederates • Battles: traded volleys, charged, countercharged, loser withdraws

  16. In Battle, 61-62 : Strategies • N had Anaconda plan devised by Winfield Scott • Blockcade southern coastline & to thrust, like a huge snake, down the Miss River • Goal: to seal off & sever the Confedera • Failure to follow snake plan due to lack of troops & navy flotillas • To secure border slave states, troops were in KT & MO, later in TN; sealed off Western theater, but major conflicts were in easter in ‘61

  17. In Battle, 61-62 : Stalemate in the East • S: moved capital fr. Montgomery, AL to Richmond & encamped in Manassas Junction (25miles fr. DC) • First Manasas (1st Battle of Bull Run) • Gen. Irvn McDowell v. P.G.T. Beauregard • Amateur armies, bloody chaos; watched by well dressed picnickers • Aided by last minute reinforcements, Beauregard routed larger Union army

  18. In Battle, 61-62 : Stalemate in the East • After Bull Run, McDowell was replaced by G.B. McClellan as commander of the Potomac Army • McClellan’s goal: maneuveur Conf. into futile attack on his army in order to avert a destructive siege of Richmond; hope to admit Conf. into Union w/ slavery intact • Lincoln’s plan of victory: simultaneous, coordinated attacks on several fronts to exploit manpower & resources

  19. In Battle, 61-62 :McClellan refused to attack • w/ 100Th men at penisula, 5 miles to Richmond, McClellan refused to attack w/out further reinforcement • During his delay, Robert E.Lee took command of Conf. Army in N. VA • Contrast w/ McClellan, Lee was bold & willing to accept high casualties • Lee attacked McC. In ’62 in Seven Days’ Battles: Conf. lost 2x as many men as N., but McC kept sending L panicky reports • Lincoln ordered McC to call off campaign

  20. In Battle, 61-62 :2nd Bull Run • McC out of the picture, Lee & Stonewall Jackson boldly struck north • 2nd Bull Run: Conf. routed Union under John Pope • Lee, bolder now, crossed Potomac & attacked w. MD, to relieve pressure fr. Richmond, hoping Fr. & Br. to recognize Conf. • But McC met him at battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg) & victory for N.; Lee called off invasion

  21. In Battle, 61-62 :Emancipation Proclamation • Antietam = bloodiest day of entire war w/ 24Th casualties • Victory at Antietam led Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamati • Free all slaves under rebel control • McC, “the slows” was replaced by Ambrose Burnside, who proved his incompetence by sacrificing his army in futile charge up the heights in Fredericksburg • The war in the east has become a stalemate

  22. In Battle, 61-62 : War in the West • Union fared better in the West • Ulysses S. Grant: competent, W.Pointer, Mex war vet; heavy drinker, failed in business & farming • Grant gained controlled of MO & KT, 2 border states, then took TN, then attacked Miss at Corinth • Grant, encamped at Shiloh (20miles fr. Corinth), was surprised by Albert Johnston & PGT Beauregard & lost; but then counterattacked w/ reinforcement & won. The bloodiest battle until Antietam

  23. In Battle, 61-62 : War in the West • Focus on Shiloh left New Orleans vulnerable to Union • Benjamin Butler & David Farragut N. Orleans, Baton Rouge, Natchez by land-sea attack • Union flotilla took Memphis via Miss River; control most of the river now • Union drove Conf. out of TX & NMex; secured MO River; scattered Conf (include 3 Cherokee regiments) in Arkansas • Union (w. volunteers) then turned on Indians (Dakota Sioux v. Minnesota) & Indian wars erupted in AR, NV, CO, NM(Kit Carson overwhelmed the Apaches & Navajos)

  24. In Battle, 61-62 : The Soldiers’ War • Underaged boys & 250 women disguised as men volunteered • Union food: beans, bacon, salt pork, pickled beef, hadtack • Conf.: bacon & cornmeal; often ran out of food, blankets, clothes, socks, & shoes • Both: poor santitation, lice, ticks, fleas, rodents, diseases. A sergeant describe “laying around in the dirt & mud, living on hardtack, facing death in bullets & shells, eat up by wook-ticks & body-lice”

  25. In Battle, 61-62 : The Soldiers’ War • ¾ of soldiers served in infantry, which suffered most casualties • Riffle ineffective due to lack of experience, training, & terrain barriers • Most died from facing one another until one side fell back • Letters home reflected motivation • Conf. equated slavery to liberty • Union: some for anti-slavery, some changed their mind after seeing horror of it in the S.

  26. In Battle, 61-62 : the Naval War • N’s 40 active warships v. 1 in S • By 1865, US had largest navy in world • Union captured ports & reduced S’s int’l trade, which it relied on for war • S. better as commerce raider • The S. can’t match N’s naval power

  27. In Battle, 61-62 : the Diplomatic War • Napoleon III (Fr) dreamed of colonial Mex & welcomed US division • Upper class Fr & Br liked the S • S hoped Br will side w/ S due to its needs of cotton, Br had Egypt & India as supplier • S dispatched James Mason & John Slidell to Br & Fr, Union captain boarded vessel Trent (Br) and captured the 2 as prisoners • Br exploded & Lincoln returned prisoners • Br built commerce raiders, Florida & Alabama • Charles Francis Adams protested, so Br bought these rams for its own navy • L’s Emanciaption Proclam. After Antietem neutralized all European interference

  28. Emancipation Transforms the War 1863 • Save the Union as official goal but emancipation of slaves was thrust to the forefront after only 2 years

  29. Confiscation to Emancipation • Slaves fled behind Union line = contraband (enemy property) • Confiscation Act in ’61: can seize all property used in military aid of rebel • L was cautious due to Union slaveholders (TN, WV, LA, sections of VA) & proslavery Democrats, who fear blacks competing for jobs in N • Rad Republicans (Thaddeus Stevens): “free every slave, slay every traitor, burn every Rebel mansion…to preserve the temple of freedom” • 2nd Confiscation Act in ’62: can seize property of all persons in rebellion, free escaped slaves, employ blacks as soldiers

  30. Confiscation to Emancipation Then the Proclamation in ’63: great military tactic as it • mobilized European liberals • pacified Radical & Democrats • pushed border states to Emancipation (MD & MO)

  31. Crossing the Union Line • By ’65 ½ M slaves in Union • Slaves as pawns in attacks & counter attacks • One slave fr. NC celebrated his freedom 12 times • Freemen worked for Union as cooks, teamsters, laborers, scouts, spies, • Faced fierce prejudice among Yankee soldiers • ’65 Congress created Freemen’s Bureau: relief, education & employment of former slaves

  32. Black Soldiers in the Union Army • ’61 Union refused black soldiers • ’62 Union generals formed black regiments; especially in N. Orleans, Sea Island (SC), GA • Large scale enlistment after Proclamation • Frederick Douglas linked black military w. citizenship • By war’s end, 1/10 of Union were blacks (186,000)

  33. Black Soldiers in the Union Army • Suffered far higher mortality rate than white troops due to labor detachments or garrison (disease-ridden) duty • Confed sent black prisoners back to slavery or executed them (Gen Nathan Bedfore Forrest massacred many blacks in TN) • Unequal pay: $13/mo+$3.50 allowance vs. $10/mo w/ clothing deduction • Congress equalized pay in ’64 • Grant wrote “they make good soldiers”

  34. Slavery in Wartime • 3M of slaves in S during war time; • Whites, fearful of revenge, tightened slave patrols, moved plantations to safer place in TX or upland region, spread scare stories • some slaves torn between loyalty & freedom • Robert Smalls, a slave, turned over a Confed steamer • Union liberated about 10Th slaves on the Sea Islands, became haven for black refugees • Defied system by fleeing or sabataging • But Confed. was desperate & armed 300Th slaves but war ended 3 weeks later

  35. Year of 1863 began badly • Burnside’s defeat in Federicksburg, VA in ’62 continued into 1863 • Burnside’s successor, Joseph Hooker, w/ 2x as many Conf. soldiers lost to R.E. Lee & Stonewall Jackson (died here) at Chancellorsville, VA. • In W, Grant had difficulty taking Vicksburg

  36. Turning Point in 1863 • N upswing began w/ Lee’s decision to invade the North w/ 75Th men down the Shenandoah • Conf. looking for shoes saw Union in town & both called for reinforcement • Gettysburg,PA: the war’s greatest battle • Lee’s 75Th vs. Meade’s 90Th • Pickett’s charge: massive infantry line of 15Th moved in to be met by Union fire & rifled weapons: Conf. bodies litered field • Lee lost 1/3 • 50Th men lost between Union & Conf., who retreated: Union kept Lee from invading N. • Grant had success in Vicksburg, cut off Ark, LA, TX

  37. War’s Economic Impact: N N’s economy unevenly affected • Damaged shoe industry: lost S. market • Cotton-textile industry hurt War benefited • producers of arms & clothing • Railroad (US Military Railroads): largest • N. route: Omaha to S. Francisco due to Republican Congress • US gave large land grants (60M acres) & loans ($20M) to Union Pacific & Central Railroad

  38. War’s Economic Impact: rich in N • Homestead Act (’62): give 160 acre for settling after 5 yrs. • Morrill Land Grant in ’62: gave states proceeds of public lands to fund the establishment of universities (agriculture & mechanic arts): Michigan State, Iowa State, Purdue Uni…etc • War benefited the rich: corrupt contractors, Cyrus McCormich hit jackpot by investing in pig iron ($23/lb to $40)

  39. War’s Economic Impact: the poor in the N • Wages lagged 20% behind, but • Prices for finished goods rose due to inflation, tariffs • Men lost barganing power for high wages because women & boys entered work force for ½ of pay. • Workers formed national unions to no avail • being accused of unpatriotic & army troops were used to put down protests

  40. War’s Economic Impact: The S • Wrecked S.’s railroads, sank cotton production, reduced wheat & corn • Agricultural shortage exacerbates S’s inflation • Salt in NY $1.25 but in S is $60.00 • Food shortage also due to concentration on cotton, impress fr. Cilivians whose husbands were absent • Lack of factory-made goods led to home production by women • Women fled as refugee • N traded food for cotton: Union’s policy “to feed an army and fight it at the same time” • Middlemen got rich

  41. Dealing w/ Dissent in the S • Dissent in S: Alexander Stephens (VP), Zebulon Vance (Gov of NC), & Joseph Brown of Ga attacked J. Davis as despotic • Although J Davis hardly suspend habeas corpus • Nonslaveholding farmers in the Appal Mt loyal to Union: resented 20-Negro exemption

  42. Dealing w/ Dissent in the N • Lincoln faced Democratic opposition of centralized power & emancipation • Democrats mobilized antidraft by woeing farmers of S. background, urban working class, recent immigrants • Led to violent eruption in NY: Irish roamed streets for 4 days • Lynched dozen blacks & injured hundreds, burned draft office, homes of Republicans, & Colored Orphan Asylum • Squashed by federal troops; suspended habeus corpus • Fear of labor competition by blacks

  43. Dealing w/ Dissent in the N • N still had freedom of speech, press, & assembly • Court ruled that a civilian can’t be tried in military court when civilian one is open • Clement L. Vallandigham: an Ohio Peace Democrat apposed suspension of Habeus Corpus & proposed an armistice • Was jailed for duration of war, but Ohio Dem. Nominated him for gov, so L banished him to TN. Valland. Escaped to Canada

  44. The Medical War • Women volunteered in US Sanitary Commission • 3,200 served in Union as nurses • Dorothea Dix as head of nursing corps • Clara Barton showed up w/ wagon of supplies at Antietam • She founded the American Red Cross in 1881 • S. nurses: Sally Tompkins, Belle Boyd, Stonewall Jackson, Louisa May Alcott

  45. The Medical War: deaths by diseases • 2:1 ratio of death by diseases to battle • Miasm theory of diseases facilitated sanitary measures • Only beginning to investigate germ theory in the 60’s • Prison camps became death camps, especially in the S.

  46. The War & women’s rights • In N & S, women took jobs vacated by men • Offices, mills, factories, fieldwork (plowing, planting, harvesting) • Anna E. Dickinson (PA): hospital volunteer and lectured about suffering of soldiers; Republican begged her to campaign for them • Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony in ’63 organized Woman’s Na’tl Loyal League • Gathered 400Th signatures, called to abolish slavery via amendment, promoted women suffrage

  47. The War didn’t change women’s rights • Volunteers got no pay • Workers got paid less than men did • War didn’t change view on women’s sphere • Though war added “organized care for wounded” to sphere • Nurses classified as domestic • Failed to capitalize on rising sentiments against slavery: politicians saw little value in woman sufferage

  48. The Union Victorious • By ’64, Union not closer to taking Richmond & rebels still controlled most of Lower South • William T. Sherman: attacked fr. TN into GA (Atlanta) & later Savanah, & SC • Boost N. morale & helped L reelected

  49. The Union Victorious: Eastern ‘64 • Grant = Union commander = coordinated attacks on all fronts (like L) • Grant sustained offensive attack on Lee & suffered reverses but forced Lee to retreat • In Wilderness near Fredericksburg, VA • Spotsylvania • Cold Harbor: lost 7Th men in 1 hour • He countered Lee down Shenandoah Valley by ordering Philip Sheridan, who controlled it • He orders William T Sherman GA against Joseph Johnson, whom J Davis replaced w/ John B Hood • Hood lost an arm in Gettysburg & a leg in Chickamauga • Attacked Sherman but lost

  50. The Election of 1864: L vs Radicals • Radicals resented L for delaying emancipation • dismissed his plans on restoring TN, LA, & ARK to the Union • Insisted that Congress not prez. Have the power to set requirements for readminsion • Saw L’s reconstruction plan as too lenient • Nominated Treasury Salmon P. Chase

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