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Aragonese and Bable

Aragonese and Bable. Bable - History. Bable more commonly known as Asturian . Romance language derived from Latin in the early middle ages. It became closely linked with the Kingdom of Asturies (established in 718) and the ensuing Asturian-Leonese or Leonese kingdom.

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Aragonese and Bable

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  1. Aragonese and Bable

  2. Bable - History • Bable more commonly known as Asturian. • Romance language derived from Latin in the early middle ages. • It became closely linked with the Kingdom of Asturies (established in 718) and the ensuing Asturian-Leonese or Leonese kingdom. • In the 12th, 13th and part of the 14th centuries, the language used in official documents of the kingdom was Asturian. • Castilian started to take over in the 14th century. • There is no record of Asturian for the following two centuries.

  3. Bable - History • Reappeared in the 17th century - Anton de Marirreguera. • 18th century - Xeneracion del MediuSieglu produced poetry. • 19th century – More literature produced. • 20th century: • Early part saw writers such as Xose Garcia Pelaez • Asturian National Theatre • First national newspaper written in Asturian • Asturian Academy

  4. Bable - History • 1939 onwards – writers began to work against the minorisation of Asturian. • Weakening and liberalisation of the Spanish dictatorship meant an uprising of Asturian power and local demands. • Asturian generation of writers and linguists born after the civil war began to make an impact on the Asturian scene: • 1974 - ConceyuBable • 1980 - Academia de la LlinguaAsturiana • 1981 – Asturian national language was recognised but did not achieve normalisation in Statute of Autonomy

  5. Bable – Current Situation • 1994: • 100,000 first language speakers • 450,000 second language speakers • End of 20th century – grammar, dictionary and periodicals. • Castilian still the official language in schools – children are offered classes in Asturian from the age of 6.

  6. Current Situations and Attitudes Asturian

  7. Today • UNESCO – entire Asturian group in danger • Media: • Journals/Newspapers – Asturias, El Fielatu • Radio – AlitarAsturies, Radio Kras • Television – TLG, TLU • Education: • Used in some elementary schools • Can be taken throughout secondary education • Higher education – Can take Bable at Oviedo

  8. Today Reasons for endangerment: • Despite increase in popularity, number of speakers is decreasing • Rural exodus and socio-economic crisis • Lower prestige, contact language mixing, variety of bilingual abilities and diglossia with Spanish

  9. Status • No official status • Autonomy Statute of Asturias: • Article 4: “The protection of ‘Bable’ will be insured. Its usage and its presence in the media and within the school system will be encouraged, all the while respecting regional variations and the willingness to learn, in any given circumstance.” • Article 10: “The Principality of Asturias is fully responsible for [...]: - the advancement of research and culture, particularly in regards to regional expressions and to the teaching of local culture. - the development and protection of the different varieties of Bable when used as a ‘linguistic modality’ within the territory of the Principality of Asturias.”

  10. Future • In decline • 50% of population over 60 consider Asturian as their childhood language BUT • 15% of population 16-17 do so Therefore: • Asturian will be spoken less and less • Socio-economic context – developing migration patterns

  11. Future • However, still hope • Interest in preserving the language and culture • Internet – promoting the awareness • 50% of the lower class population – use it frequently

  12. Bibliography • http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Asturian/Asturian.htm • http://www.consello.org/ • http://www.academiadelallingua.com/ • ‘Normativisation, a Priority for Aragonese’, Rosa Bercero

  13. Spoken in the Asturias region of Spain. • Divided into three main dialects; Western, Central and Eastern Asturian. • Central Asturian also known as Bable. • Asturian recognised as a minority language of Asturias and protected by ‘Ley 1/1998, de 23 de marzo, de uso y promoción del bable/asturiano’. • 43% of population immigrants from southern Spain. • Academia de la Llingua Asturianafounded 1981. • Currently 100,000 native speakers of Asturian.

  14. Asturian Linguistic Features

  15. Gender Singulars & Plurals In/Definite articles Possessives Demonstratives Personal Pronouns Comparison of adjectives Quantifiers Numbers Interrogative & Relative pronouns Verbs Prepositions Conjunctions (X. FríasConde) Morphological Features

  16. Nouns Masculine Nouns Usually end in -u; sometimes -e or consonant Feminine Nouns Usually end in -a but not always Neuter Nouns Masc. Neuters – masculine form & articles Fem. Neuters – feminine form & articles Pure Neuters – nominal groups not nouns, neuter adj. & pronouns Morphology: Gender

  17. Neuter Adjectives Neuter is more obvious in adjectives so adjectives can take one of three endings; -u (masc.); -a (fem.); -o (neuter). El vasutafríu(=The glass is cold) Tengo la manofría(=My hand is cold) L’aguatafrío(=Water is cold) Morphology: Gender

  18. Feminine -a > -es: vaca > vaques -á, -ada, -ú > -aes, -úes: ciudá > ciudaes; cansada > cansaes; virtú > virtúes Masculine -u > -os: almariu > almarios -ín > -inos: camín > caminos Consonant ending -Ø > -es: animal > animales; xabón > xabones -Z Masc. -z + os to distinguish gender in plural form: rapaz > rapazos (m.); rapaza > rapaces (f.) Morphology: Plurals

  19. XabierFríasConde http://www.romaniaminor.net/gramatiques/gramatica_asturiana.pdf Includes a digestible introduction to Asturian morphological features. 'An Approach to Asturian Language'

  20. Vowels Diphthongation Consonants Initial Internal Phonetic Features

  21. Diphthongation Phonology: Vowels Examples PEDEM > pia BENE > bian NOCTEM > nueche, nueite FOVEUM > fueyos

  22. Phonology: Vowels • Conservation of ie before /ʎ/ Examples CASTELLUM > castiello SELLAM > siella • Descending Diphthongs • AU, AL + Consonant > ou • CAUSUM > cousa • PAUCUM > pouco • ALTERN > outro • AI > ei • -ARIUM > -eiro (e.g. vaqueiro)

  23. Phonology: Consonants • Initial F- • Conserved in West & Central areas • fesoria; fachu • Aspirated in East areas > h-; later became j- /x/ • josoria; jachu • Initial L- • Palletised > /ʎ/; except in extreme East > /l/ • Central area: /ʎ/ > /ĵ/ (yeísmo)

  24. Phonology: Consonants • Initial N- • Palletised > /ɲ/ • Ñegro; ñube; ñuble • Initial PL-, KL-, FL- • > /ʧ/ • PLOVERE > chover • PLANUM > chaver • CLAMARE > chamar

  25. Phonology: Consonants Internal features • -DY- > /ĵ/ PODIUM > puyu • -KT- > /ʧ/ NOCTEM > nuiche • -KS- > /x/ LAXARE/LEXARE > dexar • Some -B- and -G- confusion. E.g. fuibo (fuego)

  26. Aragonese

  27. Aragonese

  28. Aragonese - History • In Aragon, Catalan and Aragonese are the two vernacular languages that coexist with Spanish. Aragonese is spoken mostly in the northern Pyrenean valleys. • Romance Language developed in the Pyrenees and derived from Latin. • Emerged in the 8th century in what is today northern Aragon, southern Navarre and La Rioja.

  29. Aragonese - History • First text – Glosasemilianeses – 11th century. • Between the 11th and 15th centuries: • Spread south • Became more prestigious in literature. • 15th century – Ferdinand I of Aragon who was Castilian was made king. Aragonese limited to colloquial use. • Since 15th century – Castilian dominated. • 20th century Franco – pupils were beaten in schools for using Aragonese.

  30. Aragonese – Current Situation • Still spoken natively in its core area. • Learnt as a second language in Huesca, Zaragoza and Teruel. • Currently around 30,000 speakers. • 1978 – constitutional democracy – debut of literary works and studies in Aragonese.

  31. Current Situation and Attitudes Aragonese

  32. Today • UNESCO – Aragonese in danger • Declining population in the valleys where natural isoglosses have developed • Education – Not compulsory • Media – Journals, Radio, Literature

  33. Normativisation and Normalisation • 1974 – proposal for a standard form • 1976 – Consellod’aFablaAragonesa “the defence, promotion, study and dissemination of Aragonese in all its aspects.” (Quintana, 1999) • 1977 – DiccionarioAragonés – Rafael Andolz - Gramática de la LenguaAragonesa • 1978 – “L’Aragonést’aEscuela” “L’AragonésCofizial

  34. Normativisation and Normalisation • 1980s – Increase in courses, associations, books • 1987 – “CongresotaraNormalizazión de l’Aragonés” – standard orthographical norms • 1997 - “Tresorod’aLenguaAragonesa” • Lexicography research project

  35. Normativisation and Normalisation • 2001 - “ConselloAsesor de l’Aragonés” • Progress in standard written Aragonese • Progress in normativisation and normalisation • 2001 – “Leyde Lenguas de Aragón” - called for co-officiality

  36. Debate • Argument amongst scholars: Comte, Gimeno, NagorevsAlvar and Buesa • Movement to have standardised form of written Aragonese • BUT: could lose the many dialects of Aragonese as one regional variety will be promoted over others

  37. Aragonese recognised as a minority language of Aragón (Ley de Lenguas de Aragón en 2009). Derived from Latin, similar to Castilian and Catalan. Formerly considered as merely a dialect of Castilian. Currently 10,000 native speakers of Aragonese. There are 25-30 dialectal variants of Aragonese. Aragonese language linked to regional identity. Taught as a second language in certain schools in Zaragoza and Huesca.

  38. Aragonés Linguistic Features

  39. Morphological Features • Gender • Maintains the remainders of Latin genders in nouns • VALLEM > la val • SALICEM > la salz • Adjectives take -a/-o endings from Latin • trista / tristo • Pronouns • Lots of variation between local areas • Some comparability with Gascón • Evolved from Latin • ILLUM > lo, o; ILLE > el; ILLOS > es (m. pl.); ILLUM, ILLAM > ro, ra

  40. Morphology: Tenses • Imperfect • -er, -ir conserve -b- • teneba(tenía); partiba(partía) • Perfect • Perfect was substituted by the imperfect and therefore now uses a present tense stem in -er and -ir • Evolution of perfect provoked -b- preservation in imperfect.

  41. Morphology: Tenses • Perfect cont'd TENEBAT > *tenea > tenía > teníe > tenié TENUERUNT > … > tenieron

  42. Vowels Diphthongation Loss of final vowel Consonants Initial Internal Phonetic Features

  43. Phonology: Vowels • Diphthongation of short, stressed Latin vowels • Diphthongation of ser • Ser > ye, yes, yera... etc. • Diphthongation of -ELUM > -iello

  44. Phonology: Vowels • Loss of final vowel • NOCTE > nueyt • FALCEM > falz • GENTE > chen

  45. Phonology: Consonants • Initial F- • More obviously maintain in medieval documentation • e.g. fuesa, filo • Alternatively; F- > h- > Ø (more prominent in Western areas) • Initial J-, Ge,i- > palatal-alveo fricatives • Voiced • GERMANOS > germanos • Voiceless • JENIPERU > Chinebro

  46. Phonology: Consonants • -KS- > voiceless palatal-alveo fricative • FRAXINU > fraxin • -SKY-, SKe,i- > voiceless palatal-alveo fricative • ASCIATA > eixada • NASCERE > naxer • -KT-, -ULT- > it • Medieval examples • LECTU > leyto • OCTO > ueito • CATARACTA > Cadreita • Modern examples • PECTU > peitu > pit • LACTE > let

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