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Bell Ringer

Bell Ringer. What are some of the qualities you think are important for a president to have?. Precedents of Presidents. Establishing what it means to be Mr. President . Lies My Teacher Told Me. Presidential Precedent. Served only two terms Accepted the title of Mr. President

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Bell Ringer

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  1. Bell Ringer • What are some of the qualities you think are important for a president to have?

  2. Precedents of Presidents Establishing what it means to be Mr. President

  3. Lies My Teacher Told Me

  4. Presidential Precedent • Served only two terms • Accepted the title of Mr. President • Created the Cabinet - Consulting of department heads in order to make decisions. • Secretary of State -- Thomas Jefferson • Secretary of the Treasury -- Alexander Hamilton • Secretary of War -- Henry Knox

  5. Bill of Rights • One of first priorities facing the new government • Antifederalists had sharply criticized the Constitution for not having one. • Many states had ratified under the condition that one be included. • Bill of Rights -- First ten amendments to the Constitution adopted in 1791.

  6. Judiciary Act of 1789 • Established the federal court system, with the Supreme Court at the top. • Allowed for the enforcement of national laws within each state.

  7. Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan • Hamilton’s Plan • Federal government would take on state debts and pay it off in full • Raise tariffs (encourage people to “buy American”) • Create excise taxes (taxes on luxury items) • Create a Bank of the United States • Caused a major divide in the US, especially between Hamilton and Jefferson

  8. Basic Characteristics • Federalists • Upper Classes • Strong central government • Business • Pro-British • Democratic-Republicans • Middle and lower Class • Smaller central government • Agrarians • Pro-French

  9. Southwestern Pennsylvania backcountry folks hard hit by Hamilton's excise tax. Washington summoned the militia of several states resulting in 13,000-man army. Significance: Washington's government showed another Shays’-type rebellion could not succeed under the new Constitution Whiskey Rebellion

  10. Washington’s Farewell Address Peace out, suckas! • Washington refused to accept a third term as President • Farewell Address • Warned against evils of political parties -- partisan bitterness. • Warned against permanent foreign alliances (like treaty with France) • Isolationism became dominant U.S. foreign policy for next 100 years.

  11. America’s 2nd President JOHN ADAMS

  12. Adams Administration • Election of 1796 – Beats Hamilton and Jefferson, Jefferson named as VP • Different political ideologies = conflict! • Problems with France • French Revolution – Reign of Terror • Impressment • XYZ Affair

  13. The XYZ Affair • President Adams sent envoys to France to deal with the impressment issue • France refused to meet with them unless they paid a “tribute” (bribe) • Many Americans called for war over the poor treatment by the French • Adams negotiated with them instead, but it hurt his credibility as a powerful leader.

  14. Alien and Sedition Acts • Alien Act: Increased the amount of time to become a citizen to 14 years; trying to keep French immigrants from influencing American politics. • Sedition Act: Made it a crime to print anything negative about the government or its officials. • Caused massive conflict between political parties, including an actual fight in Congress! • Destroyed the reputation of the Federalists

  15. Revolution of 1800 • Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied for the presidency, sending the vote to the House of Representatives • “Revolution of 1800” • Jefferson wins with Hamilton’s support • Showed a peaceful transfer of power could exist • Led to the 12th Amendment • Separate ballots for Pres. and VP

  16. July 11, 1804

  17. The Midnight Judges • Midnight Judges • 16 last-minute Federalist appointments made by Adams • The new Republican Congress ignored the midnight appointments • Marbury v. Madison (under Chief Justice John Marshall) • William Marbury learned his position was being shelved and sued to have it delivered. • Established the policy of judicial review (Supreme Court has the power of a court to review laws and the actions of the other branches in terms of their constitutionality.) • Strengthened power of the federal government

  18. The loui$ianaPur¢ha$e • Backstory: France is BROKE • Jefferson pays $11.25 million for 828,800 square miles • Criticized for breaking from his “strict constructionist” views That's about $13 per square mile! 2 cents per acre!!

  19. Doubles the size of the U.S.! • Control the Mississippi River • Preserve an agrarian society for future generations

  20. A “Second War for Independence” • Causes of the war of 1812: • British impressment • Embargo of 1807 • Bad deal with Napoleon • After trying to solve the problem diplomatically, President Madison asked Congress to declare war on England.

  21. War of 1812 • Members of Congress who were demanding we go to war were called “war hawks” • The U.S. lost most of the early battles; the British burned D.C. to the ground

  22. Battle of Baltimore • The Battle of Baltimore (AKA: Battle of Fort McHenry) • Turning point of the war • Outmatched by the British, but prevailed

  23. The National Anthem is Born! The sight of the American flag still flying at dawn inspired Francis Scott Key to pen “The Star Spangled Banner”.

  24. Battle of New Orleans • The British targeted New Orleans—this put the entire Mississippi Valley in jeopardy. • American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, defeated an invading British Army. • Oddly, the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war two weeks before the Battle of New Orleans.

  25. A Federalist Funeral • The Hartford Convention – New England Federalists drew up a series of demands to improve their businesses, as well as prevent the country from being pulled into another war. • Looked like unpatriotic crybabies. • The Federalist Party never recovered

  26. Effects of the war of 1812 • New war heroes had emerged—Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would both become president. • There was an upsurge of patriotism and sense of national pride (“Era of Good Feelings”). • The importance of the war came in what the Americans won…respect.

  27. Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine- Declared that the American continents should no longer be viewed as open to colonization.

  28. Germans - 1848 Immigration Issues • Mainly Protestant • Moved to farmlands of the Midwest Which one will be more accepted? Why? Irish - 1847 Mainly Catholic Moved to crowded slums in major cities

  29. Nativism Rears Its Ugly Head • Nativism: an anti-immigration belief, favoring the “native” citizens of a country. • WASPs in the United States • Initially targeted Irish immigrants, but grew to persecute all immigrants.

  30. Nativism Rears Its Ugly Head • The American Party/”Know-Nothings”: A political party that rose from an anti-immigration secret society. When members were asked about their various activities (many of which were illegal), they were to respond with “I know nothing.”

  31. Chinese Prejudice Many were fearful of the cultural differences between European Americans and Chinese immigrants. Chinese were relegated to menial labor – owning groceries, Laundromats, tailor shops, or working on railroads. Americans were still afraid of Chinese “stealing” their jobs Were demonized for their religious beliefs, strange customs, and vilified for their use of opium Chinese Exclusion Act (1886) – banned the immigration of Chinese; came in large numbers and worked for little pay, undermining labor unions.

  32. The American System • Henry Clay, initiated the American System—an economic plan for the country. • A strong banking system. • Set up a protective tariff to boost American industry. • Build a strong transportation network of roads and canals.

  33. Results of the American System Cumberland Road Erie Canal The Locomotive

  34. Origins of the Market Revolution America had characteristics that enabled it to become an industrial powerhouse: • Had an influx of immigrants in the 1840s and increasing population (labor and consumers) • Raw materials: cotton, coal, iron, natural waterways (natural resources) • Economy was increasing due to British blockade and improved transportation

  35. The Father of the Factory System • Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”) • Built the first spinning machine in America • Slater’s machine created a shortage of cotton fiber

  36. Raw Cotton

  37. Eli Whitney: The Cotton Gin • Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which separated the fiber from the seed (1793). • 50 times more efficient • Caused the South to expand its cotton producing land and increase its desire for slaves • The cotton gin caused the North to expand its factories for spinning and weaving cloth.

  38. Eli Whitney: Interchangeable Parts • Eli Whitney created “interchangeable parts” while on contract for the US Army • Parts had been hand made, which meant that broken parts could not be replaced individually. • Industrialism flourished in the North using this method

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