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APC Physics

APC Physics. Basic Physical Principles. Presentation 2004 R. McDermott. 1 st Semester Concepts:. Mechanics. What is a “System”?. A system is any object or set of objects that is of interest (arbitrary choice). The system can consist of a box. Or the box and the table it is on.

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APC Physics

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  1. APC Physics Basic Physical Principles Presentation 2004 R. McDermott

  2. 1st Semester Concepts: • Mechanics

  3. What is a “System”? • A system is any object or set of objects that is of interest (arbitrary choice). • The system can consist of a box. • Or the box and the table it is on. • Or the box, table it is on, and the Earth. • Each choice will affect the analysis of the problem (making it easier or harder to solve), as well as making the solution more or less useful.

  4. What is a “Field”? • The idea of a “field” is a way of dealing with forces that act over a distance without contact between two objects. • A field can be thought of as being like a spring that exerts forces on objects at each end and can store and release energy. • Alternatively, a field can be thought of as being an “object”.

  5. Field (cont.) • The strength of a field is determined by measuring the force on an object in the field, and dividing that force by the characteristic of the object that produces the force: • (gravitational field strength) = weight/(object mass) g = F/m • (electric field strength) = electrostatic force/(object charge) E = F/q • B (magnetic field strength) = magnetic force/(object charge times object velocity) B = F/qv

  6. What are “Free-body” Diagrams? • Free-body (force) diagrams show forces acting on the system, and are used to produce equations (for Newton’s laws). • Identify forces due to fields (gravitational, electric, magnetic). • Identify forces due to contact (tension, friction, normal, etc). • Set up axes based on motion (or potential motion). • Resolve forces into components on axes. • Write equations for each axis.

  7. How Are They Used? • If no unbalanced net force acts on the system from outside, then the system’s motion will not change (F = 0). • Stationary system remains stationary. • Moving system continues moving at constant velocity (same speed in a straight line).

  8. How Are They Used (cont.)? • If an unbalanced net force acts on the system from outside, then the system will accelerate (undergo a change in velocity). F=ma • Change in direction without a change in speed (circular motion – force perpendicular to motion). • Speed up (force component acts in same direction as motion). • Slow down (force component acts in direction opposite to motion). • The size of the acceleration (observed change) depends on mass (small objects display a greater observed change for the same force).

  9. What is “Momentum”? • Momentum is the product of mass and velocity for a system (p = mv). • The change in momentum indicates the effect of external net forces on the object (or system). • Changing velocity also changes momentum, so an external, unbalanced force causes a change in momentum (Ft=mv).

  10. What are “Force Pairs”? • Forces develop between pairs of objects such that each object feels an identical force (but acting in opposite directions) • Since both the object and agent feel the same force, for the same time interval, they experience the same change in momentum (but they may not experience the same acceleration if the masses are different).

  11. What is “Working”? • Working is the transfer of energy from one system to another (also done by radiating and heating). • This changes the energy of both systems. • Positive working (work on a system) increases the energy of the system. • Negative working (work done by the system) decreases the energy of the system. • W=EK+EG+EE+EI

  12. 2nd Semester Concepts: • Electricity and Magnetism (E&M)

  13. What is “Charge”? • Charge is the result of the relative number of electrons and protons (ultimately of quarks). • Charge generates an electric field, which produces a force on other charges. E=F/Q

  14. What is “Current”? • Current is movement of charge through a conductor. • Charge “flows” when there is a difference in electric potential (electrical height). I=V/R (I=Q/T) • There is resistance to the movement of charge in a conductor. R=L/A • Work is done when a charge moves through a potential difference. W=VQ

  15. What is a “Circuit”? • A circuit is a closed path, within which charge may flow. • A series circuit is one in which current has only one path to follow. • RT=R1+R2+… • IT=I1=I2=… • VT=V1+V2+… • A parallel circuit is one in which current has multiple paths to follow. • 1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+… • IT=I1+I2+… • VT=V1=V2=…

  16. Kirchoff’s Laws • The current entering a junction must equal the current exiting a junction: • Iin=Iout • The sum of the electric potentials in any circuit loop must equal zero: • Each loop is a series circuit • Electrical “height” (V) provided by the battery must be “used up” by the resistors.

  17. What is “Magnetism”? • A magnetic field results from moving charge. • Magnetic fields exert forces on moving charges. F=Bqv • Magnetic fields exert forces on current-carrying wires. F=BIL • A potential difference is produced when a conductor is moved through magnetic field lines. =BLv

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