The Formation and Translation of Technical Terms 科技术语的构成与翻译

1. The Formation and Translation of Technical Terms 科技术语的构成与翻译

2. Polysemy（一词多义）: the coexistence of many meanings for a word or phrase (The New Oxford Dictionary of English)

3. Polysemy a good Christian 虔诚的基督徒 good parents 慈爱的父母 a good wife 贤德的妻子 a good income 高收入 a good reason 正当的理由 a good heart 慈悲的心 good looks 美貌

4. Polysemy Light music 轻音乐 Light loss 小损失 Light car 轻便的汽车 Light work 轻松的工作 Light voice 轻柔的声音 Light device 轻巧的设备

5. Polysemy and Collocative Meaning (一词多义/搭配意义) 1 Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. 译文：良好的润滑能使得轴承免于损伤。 Good lubrication: 恰当润滑? 定期润滑？有效润滑？良好润滑？ bearings being damaged: 轴承破坏？ 轴承损坏？轴承损伤？

6. Practice Collocative Meaning refers to the choice of meaning according to the collocation of words(搭配意义根据词的搭配选择词义) The development of new devices and new techniques has greatly altered our concept of communication. 新设备的研制和新技术的发展 The development of species was the result of natural selection. 物种进化

7. Develop 1. make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation2. work out3. gain through experience4. come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)5. come into existence; take on form or shape6. change the use of and make available or usable7. elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses8. create by training and teaching10. grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment11. become technologically advanced

8. Practice You cannot build a ship, a house, or a machine tool if you don’t know how to make design or how to read it. 如果你不知道怎样制图或怎样识图， 你就不肯能建船、盖房或造机床。 Engine(发动机) must breathe(通风) freely to provide maximum power and performance. 发动机必须通风良好，以便提供最大动力，发挥最佳性能。

9. Practice Making a visual inspection（肉眼观察） of the vessel（容器） to confirm that there are no material or dimensional (尺寸的)defects. 对容器进行肉眼检查， 以确保其材料没有缺陷， 尺寸符合要求。 This substance has a powerful effect on poor health and poor appetite. 这种药物对身体虚弱和食欲不振者有特效。

10. 2 Polysemy and specialty (一词多义/专业意义) 1 These parts must be proportionally corrected. (mechanics) Parts:n. 1. 一部分; 局部2. 零件; 部件3. 角色4. 片段；部份；一点 5. 成员；成分 6. 器官；部位；组成部份7. （世界、国家或城镇等的）区域，地区 8. （书、电视系列片等的、尤指单独发行或播出的）部，集，部份 9. 部；声部；音部；段落 10. （度量单位的）等份，份 译文：这批零件要进行校准。

11. Semi-Technical Words Semi-technical words, mostly derived from common terms, are words that may appear in different contexts with various and comparatively stable senses(准技术术语指“跨学科出现的频率很高的独立于上下文的词，大部分来自英语词汇的共核部分， 但在科技领域中已经获得特定意义， 其中许多是经典科学的基本词， 使用范围比纯科技词汇广， 但在不同专业有较为稳定的词义。) power 力、电力、动力、电源、功率 乘方、幂、次方 carrier 邮递员、搬运工、带菌者、航空母舰、载体、传导管…… futures 期货

12. Technical terms from ordinary objects (借用物品名称的专业术语) coat 镀层 cap 轴承盖,罩壳 bed 底座,机床身 bench 拉床,钳工台

13. Technical terms from body organs (借用人体器官名称的专业术语) eye 孔，环 ear 吊钩 mouth 开度 finger 测厚规

14. Translation Practice The second power of 5 is 25. 5的二次方为25。 To drive machine requires power. 开动机器需要动力。 Electric power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit(国际单位) of power is the watt. 功率

15. Translation Practice Translate the following sentences into Chinese: 1 It is obvious that resistance is responsible for heating and lighting effects of many common household appliances. 词义： n. 1. 抵抗, 反抗, 抵抗能力2. 阻力3. 电阻, 热阻4. 抗力；抵抗力 5. 抵抗；反抗6. （尤指敌占区的）秘密抵抗组织 电阻

16. Translation Practice Translate the following sentences into Chinese: 2 A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed Particles:n. 1. 微粒, 颗粒, 〈物〉粒子2. 极少量3. 小品词 微粒

17. Translation Practice Translate the following sentences into Chinese: 3 Due care must be taken to ensure (保证)that the pulse signal itself shall show no irregularities and no interruptions Pulse: n. 1. 脉搏2. 脉冲3.  强劲的音乐节拍 4. 豆果果实；荚果；豆 脉冲信号

18. Practice 1 I think your suggestion will work. 我看你的建议行得通。 The new rules are working well. 新规定执行得很顺利。 The treatment works like magic. 这种疗法功效神奇。

19. Practice 1 Pushing or pulling, however, does not necessarily mean doing work. 然而， 推或拉未必意味着作功。 The works of these watches are all home-produced and wear well. 这些表的机件均系国产， 耐磨性好。

20.  n. 1. 工作, 作业 2. 事业 3. 工作成果, 产品4. 著作, 作品5. 工厂6. 功 7. 职责；工作内容8. 工作；活计9. 工作所需的材料（或档案等）10. 工作场所 11. 作为行动结果12.  著作；作品13.  修建 14. （机器等的）活动部件 15. 所有的事物；全套物品 vt. 1. 做体力（或脑力）工作；劳动；干活2. 受雇于；从事…工作3. 争取；力争；努力取得4.  管理，经营（以获利）5. 开动，操作（机器、装置等）；使运作 6. 奏效；产生预期的结果（或作用）7. 使奏效；（由于努力）造成，产生8. （通过压挤、拉长、锤击等）使成形，使定形9. 抽动；抽搐；颤动10. （逐渐地）移动（到某位置）；（逐步）变成（某状态 11.  用某种材料作画（或编制、编织等）

21. Practice 2 Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative （数据的）data(数据） 找到 To find the area of a square or oblong(长方形/椭圆形）, you merely multiply its length by its width. 获得， 求得 Certain isotopes(同位素） are not found in nature. (不）存在

22. Practice 2 Kangaroos are found in Australia. 产于 Plastics find wide application in our daily life. 得到

23. Technical Words Pure technical words/terms are words that are used in a specific area or discipline, usually with exact meanings. With the development of science and technology, more and more technical words are coined.(纯技术术语指只用于某个专业或学科的专门术语， 是准确标示科学技术专门英语的一定概念的词语。随着科技的发展，新学科、新专业的产生纯科技词汇层出不穷。) 如： hydroxide 氢氧化物 diode 二极管 USB 移动数据存储盘 iron oxide 氧化铁

24. Non-Technical Words Non-technical words/terms are words used in all spheres, not just confined to a special area.(非技术术语，指英语语言共核部分的词汇， 在各种文体中都通用) 如： use application show demonstrate weak vulnerable build construct get acquire same identical meet encounter do perform buy purchase 这些非技术词汇大多来自Latinate， 比Anglo-Saxon words 长。formal, elegant

25. Types of Scientific Discourse

26. ECST & ESST

27. Section 2: The Formation of Technical Terms(科技术语的构词方法) The English technical terms progress rapidly along with the development of modern science and technology, which in fact have already become one of the most dynamic parts of the terminology of English. Different ways, such as compounding(复合法), blending（混合法）, acronymizing（缩略法）, affixing（粘贴法）, etc. are used to coin new terms to embody and represent new products and discoveries.

28. 1. Affixation词缀法 The use of prefixes and suffixes(词缀法构词） Many technical terms are made up of Latin or Greek roots with prefixes and suffixes. (利用构词法规律创造新词是语言词汇发展的重要手段之 一，英语科技新词汇也遵循这一规律。仅以其中的词缀法 为例,以1991 年清华大学编写的《英汉科学技术大词典》为 例,以semi构成的词有230 个以上,以auto构成的词有260 个 以上,以micro构成的词有300 个以上,以thermo构成的词有 130 个,仅这4 个前缀构成的词就有近千个, 而常用的前缀和 后缀则多达上百个 ,可见这一构词法构成新词能力的强大。)

29. Affixation词缀法 geoastrophysics geo- 地球 astro- 星， 天体， 宇宙 physics 物理学 geoastrophysics 地球天体物理学

30. Exercises aeromechanics 航空力学 biochemistry 生物化学 astrodynamics 天体动力学 desalter 脱盐设备 anticorrosive 防腐蚀(的) electromagnetism 电磁学 cyberattack 黑客攻击 geoscience 地球科学 hydrobiology 水生生物学 multivitamin 多种维生素(的）

31. Affixation 单频的，单波的； 单电压的 uniwave, univoltage quadriplane quadrilateral 四翼飞机； 四边的，四方面的 monatomic monday quintode 五极管 单原子的[ 化] bidirectional biannual 双向的; 一年两次的 sexangle 六角形，六边形 diatomic dioxide 二原子的; 二氧化物 septangular 七角的，七边形的 tricycle triangle 三轮车； 三角 octadic [数]八进位（的） novnary 九进制的 十克 decagram

32. Exercises Translate the following phrases into Chinese: a doctor engaged in the research of aeromedicine 航空医学 measures to prevent cybercrime 网络犯罪 a toy powered by photocells 光电池 a car equipped with an autoalarm 自动报警（装置) soundproof material 隔音

33. Exercises Translate the following phrases into Chinese: a widely applied pesticide/herbicide 杀虫剂 the development of telecommunication 通信/电信 a multi-purpose machine tool 多功能机床 an experiment with radiocarbon 放射性碳素

34. Assignment: List the prefixes and suffixes you know, and share it with the whole class.

35. 2.Blending 混成法 By blending is meant creating a new word by joining a part of a word and a part of another. Such a kind of word is usually clear in meaning and easy in use(所谓混成法，就是取两个词在拼写或读音上比较合适的部分，而其余部分除去。通常是前一词去尾，后一词去首，然后叠合而成，具有简便、词义容易理解的特点，在科技英语中常用。) autocide Automobile+suicide Hi-tech High+technology smog Smoke+fog helicopter +airport heliport

36. 3. Acronym 缩略法 The so-called acronym is joining the first letters of several words, thus creating a new word. There are a great many words in modern English, especially in EST. ( 所谓缩略法，就是将某词语组合中，主要词的第一个字母组成新词。 聊天室和BBS上的新词大多数是由热衷于网上聊天的青少年创造的,这些词的共同特征是口语化，不太正式，缺乏被社会其他领域广泛接受的使用规则, 但其通俗易懂简单明了，易于记忆和传播。专门的网络技术词汇也经常采用缩略语的形式，以达到简化文章，节约印刷空间和阅读时间的目的，从而适应计算机科学和网络技术高速发展的要求。)

37. BF boyfriend OTOH On the other hand BTW By the way IC I see. MHO In my humble opinion RUOK Are you ok? TYVM Thank you very much.

38. Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation激光 laser Integrated circuit集成电路 IC DC直流电 Direct current Alternating current AC交流电

39. Acronym

40. Acronym P/T part time（兼职） hrs hours（工作时间） aft after PM Post Meridiem（afternoon） steno stenograph速记 招聘兼职秘书，要求会速记和打字，工作时间为星期一至星期五的上午10点至下午1点，和/或星期一、三、五下午2∶30—7∶00。星期二下午2∶30—5∶00。市中区上班。有意者晚上7点以后电话：355－5743。

41. 4.Compounding 复合法 Compounds are often adopted by specialists to meet the need for brevity and precision.(从过去的双词组合到多词组合, 在整个英语发展过程中， 合成法构成新词数量仅次于派生法/词缀法复合法构词生成的新词大部分为并列或偏正关系，新词为旧词词义之和。) bloodstream 血流(合写式） side effect 副作用(分写式） mass-produce 成批生产（分写式）

42. 4.Compounding 复合法 Compound words are words created by compounding different words. The components are generally in parallel or endocentric and the meaning of the whole is the totality of meaning of the different parts.(复合法构词生成的新词大部分为并列或偏正关系，新词为旧词词义之和。) calcium, silicate，aluminate 钙，硅(酸）,铝酸 铝酸三钙 tricalcium aluminate tricalcium silicate 硅酸三钙 现时成本会计 current cost accounting

43. Exercise Translation Practice: digital signature 数字签名 mechanical effect 机械效应 radiation therapy 放射疗法 biological agent 生物制剂 side effect 副作用

44. Section 3: The Translation Methods of Technical Terms----sense-oriented translation(科技术语的翻译方法—译义) semifluid 半流质 hypersonic 超音速的 semisphere 半球 radioelement 放射性元素 photograph 光；光电；照相（术） fivefold 五倍的 photoconductor 光电导体 radioscope 放射镜 subcircuit (分）支电路 speedometer 里程表

45. 译义 气闸 air brake 核潜艇 nuclear submarine electric shave 电动剃须刀 Coal gas 煤气 Saw dust 锯末

46. 译义 费雪方程式 friction brake Fisher equation 摩擦制动器 重力运输机 铜线 gravity conveyer copper wire 炉顶气体 water turbine 水轮机 furnace gas 造纸业 petrol engine paper industry 汽油机 foot brake butterfly valve 脚踏制动器 蝶形阀 Otto engine 奥托发动机 客船 passenger ship

47. Sense-oriented translation combined with transliteration(音义兼译法) beer 啤酒 sardine 沙丁鱼 rally 拉力赛 ballet 芭蕾舞 neon 霓红灯 cartoon 卡通片 carbine 卡宾枪 cigar 雪茄烟

48. 象形译 T-shirt T恤衫 V - belt 三角形皮带 U – shaped magnet 马蹄形磁铁 twist drill 麻花钻 T-road γ- ray γ射线 丁字路

49. 译音 pound 磅（重量单位） Benz 奔驰 hertz 赫兹（频率单位） Adidas 阿的达斯 Nike calorie 卡路里(热量单位） 耐克 volt 伏特(电压单位) Boeing 波音 ampere 安培(电流单位) tank 坦克 ohm 欧姆(电阻单位) 雷达 radar 音译法： 科学新发现、计量单位、商品、军事设施

50. 复合词的翻译 friction brake —— a brake operating on the principle of friction 以摩擦为工作原理的制动器 摩擦制动器 gravity conveyer —— a conveyer operating on the principle of gravity 以重力为工作原理的运输器 重力运输机 • 理解一个复合词的构成可以从操作原理、方式、目的、工件特性、形状、行业、动力来源、地点等。 1操作原理：