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Globalisering och utveckling Karlstad Universitet, HT2010 F7: Ekonomisk Integration

Globalisering och utveckling Karlstad Universitet, HT2010 F7: Ekonomisk Integration. Per-Åke Andersson 031-786 1353 per-ake.andersson@economics.gu.se. THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT). Table 9.3 GATT and WTO Multilateral Trade Negotiations.

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Globalisering och utveckling Karlstad Universitet, HT2010 F7: Ekonomisk Integration

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  1. Globalisering och utvecklingKarlstad Universitet, HT2010F7: Ekonomisk Integration Per-Åke Andersson 031-786 1353 per-ake.andersson@economics.gu.se

  2. THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT) Table 9.3 GATT and WTO Multilateral Trade Negotiations

  3. THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS • The major issues are • International Trade in Agricultural Products • Market Access – The WTO describes tariff reduction as market access • International Trade in Services covered in the General Agreement of Trade in Services (GATS) • Trade-Related Intellectual Property (TRIPS) • Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS)

  4. Regionala initiativ • GATT introducerade MFN, men ett undantag var den regionala klausulen. • Most favored nation => a trade concession to one country has to be given to all other countries as well. • The regional clause = groups of countries willing to start trading arrangements may do so without MFN if they form a substantial free-trade zone within their bloc.

  5. 32 – 30 – 28 – 26 – 24 – 22 – 20 – 18 – 16 – 14 – 12 – 10 – 8 – 6 – 4 – 2 – 0 – 1959 1965 1971 1975 1981 1985 1991 1995 2001 2005 Goods Services Accessions Cumulative INTRODUCTION Figure 10.1 Number of Regional Trade Agreements

  6. Common Economic Policies and Common Currency Intragroup Capital and Labor Mobility Common External Tariff Removal of Intragroup Tariffs Reduction of Some Intragroup Tariffs Common Market Preferential Trade Agreement Free-Trade Area Economic Union Customs Union DEGREES OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION Figure 10.2 Levels of Economic Integration

  7. Ekonomisk integration • Developed countries: EU, NAFTA, APEC • Latin America: Andean Pact, CACM, MERCOSUR, Group of three, LAIA, CARICOM • Africa: cross-border initiative, East African Cooperation, Economic and monetary community of Central Africa, ECOWAS, Common Market for eastern and Southern Africa, Indian Ocean Commission, SADC, Economic Community of West Africa. Economic Community of the Great Lakes. • Asia: ASEAN, GCC, South Asian Association for regional cooperation, ANZCERTA

  8. $25,000 – 20,000 – 15,000 – 10,000 – 5,000 – 0 – Price of Car U.S. Car Non-U.S. Car Cost Tariff TRADE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION Figure 10.3 Price of Cars in Mexico

  9. Price of Cars SM Sus + tariff P4 Sj+ tariff P3 b a Sus P2 c Sj P1 DM Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quantity of Cars THE STATIC EFFECTS OF A CUSTOMS UNION Figure 10.4 Static Welfare Effects of a Customs Union

  10. Europeiska unionen: 500 miljoner människor – 27 länder EU-länder Kandidatländer

  11. THE EUROPEAN UNION Table 10.1(a) Chronological Development of the European Union

  12. THE EUROPEAN UNION Table 10.1(b) Chronological Development of the European Union

  13. NAFTA AND OTHER U.S. TRADE AGREEMENTS • In 1989 the U.S. and Canada signed a free-trade agreement that phased in tariff reductions over 10 years • Covered trade in goods and services, investment and eliminated national preference on most government contracts • Freed U.S. and Canada from the few remaining restrictions on trade • In 1992 this was broadened to include Mexico

  14. APEC • Samarbetsorganisationen för Asien och Stillahavsregionen (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) har 21 medlemmar: • Australien, Brunei, Chile, Filippinerna, Hongkong, Indonesien, Japan, Kanada, Kina, Malaysia, Mexiko, Nya Zeeland, Papua Nya Guinea, Peru, Ryssland, Singapore, Sydkorea, Taiwan, Thailand, USA och Vietnam. • Apec-medlemmarna har tillsammans omkring 41 procent av världens befolkning och står för drygt hälften av världens bruttonationalprodukt och 44 procent av världens handel

  15. APEC • Apec enades vid sitt helgtoppmöte (13/11/2010) i Yokohama om att nu ta konkreta steg för att bygga vidare på det frihandelsembryo som än så länge kallas TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership). Där är ännu bara Brunei, Chile, Singapore och Nya Zeeland med, men giganten USA och flera andra stormakter är uttalat intresserade. • Det största frågetecknet är Kina, som tros vara tveksamt till förhandlingarna om en förvandling av TPP till FTAAP (Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific) eftersom USA i ett sådant forum kan sätta ytterligare tryck på Peking att låta valutan yuanen försvagas mot dollarn.

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