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Lectures 1 and 2: Welcome to IEE

Lectures 1 and 2: Welcome to IEE. A practical introduction to electronics for anyone in any field of practice Voltage, Current, Resistance, Power, & Diodes. Bill Mielke. mielke@rpi.edu Office: JEC 1209 Phone: 6881 Secretary: None Info on WebCT – Go to http://webct.rpi.edu

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Lectures 1 and 2: Welcome to IEE

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  1. Lectures 1 and 2: Welcome to IEE A practical introduction to electronics for anyone in any field of practice Voltage, Current, Resistance, Power, & Diodes Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  2. Bill Mielke • mielke@rpi.edu • Office: JEC 1209 • Phone: 6881 • Secretary: None • Info on WebCT – Go to http://webct.rpi.edu • Office hours, M-F, 8am-5pm • Lab is in JEC 5107 Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  3. Course Organization • Lectures each Monday on a range of topics involving the use of electronics and other fundamental concepts. Used in Electrical, Computer and Systems, and Electric Power Engineering as well as other fields of study. • 10 Labs • Homework (NONE) • All work must be completed in a timely manner to pass. (S/U grade) Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  4. Course Goals • Expose students to a wide variety of electrical and electronic concepts in order to make an informed decision as to their future course of study. In depth study of IEE topics are covered during the sophomore through senior years. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  5. Course Goals • Provide students with 18-20 hours of intensive hands-on circuit building exercises, work which may be listed on a résumé. • Begin to develop the troubleshooting skills necessary to make circuits functional. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  6. Course Goals • Create a learning environment whereby students are encouraged and empowered to explore topics of interest by talking to other faculty, selecting appropriate books from the library, search on the internet, etc. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  7. Course Goals • To demystify electronic concepts so that non engineering/science majors will have a sound understanding of the basics and won’t be talked into repairs that are unnecessary. • HAVE FUN WITH ELECTRONICS Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  8. My Goals • To have the largest class size of any course on campus • To teach any student the basics of electronics so that they can carry on an intelligent conversation about circuits, no matter what field of study they pursue Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  9. My Goals • To have as much fun as is humanly possible while teaching about one of my life’s passions, electronics. • Any resemblance to a 16 year old’s behavior should be obvious. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  10. So why should I be here? • NO TEXT BOOK • NO LAB MANUAL TO BUY • NO HOMEWORK • NO CALCULUS Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  11. So why should I be here? • NO TESTS • NO FINAL EXAM • NO READING • NO PROJECTS • DESIGN YOUR OWN PROJECT, IF YOU WANT. I HAVE TO APPROVE IT Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  12. Requirements • Class attendance affects your grade • Attendance is taken through an in class quiz • Up to 2 unexcused absences are permitted • All labs are mandatory • Contact your TA should a lab be missed • All labs must be completed before the end of the semester. No incompletes are given. • Signed rules statement is required • Please read syllabus (online) for policy details Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  13. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  14. Lab Rules • No eating or drinking in the lab • Be on time. The door will be shut • Play music, no inappropriate lyrics • Pick up answer sheet when you arrive • Sleeping, partner does work, no sig • Clean up the workbench and floor Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  15. How are absences tracked? • In class quiz, no late submissions • Lab attendance taken with answer sheets • EWS used for any misses • LECTURES CAN NOT BE MADE UP! • DO NOT ASK!!! • SENIORS – NO F TESTS GIVEN Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  16. I V Voltage, Current, Power and Resistance • Fundamental concepts • Voltage V volt • Current I amp • Power W watt • Resistance R ohm Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  17. Voltage • Voltage is defined as the amount of work done or the energy required (in joules) in moving a unit of positive charge (1 coulomb) from a lower potential to a higher potential. Voltage is also called potential difference (PD). When you measure voltage you must have two points to compare, one of them being the reference point. When measuring the voltage drop for a circuit component it is sometimes called measuring the potential across that component. 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  18. Voltage • Voltage is analogous to pressure. A battery in an electrical circuit plays the same role as a pump in a water system. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  19. Current • Current is the amount of electric charge (coulombs) flowing past a specific point in a conductor over an interval of one second.  1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second • Electron flow is from a lower potential (voltage) to a higher potential (voltage). Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  20. Current • For historical reasons, current is conventionally thought to flow from the positive to the negative potential in a circuit. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  21. Power • Power is the rate at which energy is generated or dissipated in an electrical element. 1 watt = 1 joule/sec Generated Dissipated Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  22. Resistance • Charges passing through any conducting medium collide with the material at an extremely high rate and, thus, experience friction. • The rate at which energy is lost depends on the wire thickness (area), length and physical parameters like density and temperature as reflected through the resistivity Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  23. Circuit Diagram • Water flow analogy is helpful, if not totally accurate Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  24. Basic Electrical Laws • Ohm’s Law • Kirchoff’s Voltage Law • Kirchoff’s Current Law Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  25. Ohm’s Law • There is a simple linear relationship between voltage, current and resistance. Georg Ohm Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  26. Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) • The sum of the voltage differences around a circuit is equal to zero. Gustav Kirchoff Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  27. Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) Applying conservation of current. • The sum of all the currents entering or exiting a node is equal to zero. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  28. Conservation Laws • Both the KVL and KCL are based on conservation laws. • KVL conserves voltage • KCL conserves current • Other conservation laws we know about • Conservation of energy • Conservation of momentum • A key to understanding any system is identifying the relevant conservation laws Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  29. Series Combination of Resistors • Resistors add in series Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  30. Series Combination of Resistors • The effect of resistors in series is additive. There is a corresponding voltage drop across each resistor. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  31. Parallel Combination of Resistors • The reciprocal or inverse of resistors add in parallel. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  32. Parallel Combination of Resistors • For resistors in parallel, the same voltage occurs across each resistor and more than one path exists for the current, which lowers the net resistance. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  33. Series Combination of Resistors • KVL: • Ohm’s Law: • We can say: • In General: Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  34. Parallel Combination of Resistors • KCL: • Ohm’s Law: • We can say: Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  35. Combination of Resistors • Series • Parallel • For two resistors, the second expression can be written as Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  36. Combination of Resistors • Adding resistors in series always results in a larger resistance than any of the individual resistors • Adding resistors in parallel always results in a smaller resistance than any of the individual resistors Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  37. Diodes • A diode can be considered to be an electrical one-way valve. • They are made from a large variety of materials including silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide … Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  38. Diodes • In effect, diodes act like a flapper valve • Note: this is the simplest possible model of a diode Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  39. Diodes • For the flapper valve, a small positive pressure is required to open. • Likewise, for a diode, a small positive voltage is required to turn it on. This voltage is like the voltage required to power some electrical device. It is used up turning the device on so the voltages at the two ends of the diode will differ. • The voltage required to turn on a diode is typically around 0.6-0.8 volt for a standard silicon diode and a few volts for a light emitting diode (LED) Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  40. Diodes • 10 volt sinusoidal voltage source • Connect to a resistive load through a diode • This combination is called a half-wave rectifier Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  41. Diodes • Sinusoidal Voltage Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  42. Diodes • Half-wave rectifier Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  43. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  44. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  45. At the junction, free electrons from the N-type material fill holes from the P-type material. This creates an insulating layer in the middle of the diode called the depletion zone. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  46. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  47. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  48. Diode V-I Characteristic • For ideal diode, current flows only one way • Real diode is close to ideal Ideal Diode Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  49. Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

  50. Where Will You See These Concepts Again? • In later labs in this course • V, I, R, Kirchoff’s Laws, Combining Resistors: ECSE-2010 Electric Circuits • Diode and Transistor Theory and Electronic Design: ECSE-2050 Analog Electronics, ECSE-2060 Digital Electronics and ECSE-2210 Microelectronics Technology Introduction to Engineering Electronics STOLEN FROM K. A. Connor

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