Aquatic Physiology Respiration gill diffusion hemoglobin pH Regulation gas bladder

1. Aquatic Physiology • Respiration • gill • diffusion • hemoglobin • pH • Regulation • gas bladder • osmosis • ion balance • excretion Chapter 3: Figures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, Table 3.1 Chapter 4: Figures 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 (Eq.) Chapter 5: Figures 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 (5th ed.) Chapter 6: Figures 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6 • see QS 6 and QS 7 • bring textbook to class

2. water flow blood flow Figure 3.1 (3.2 3rd Ed.)

3. heart blood to gills from body collects, pressurizes, propels, smooths Figure 4.10, all eds.

4. fishes oxygenated dorsal deoxygenated ventral amphibians reptiles birds mammals circulatory system

5. blood flow

6. gas exchange tissues gills

7. gas exchange diffusion: the movement of gas from a higher concentration to a lower concentration passive process

8. water flow

9. unidirectional

11. gill arches gill rakers forward feeding SA bumblebee catfish Batrochoglanis villosusformerly Pimelodidae, now Pseudopimelodidae

12. gill filaments backward gas exchange

13. Aquatic Habitats Water Air 800 x density least (0 C) expands most (4 C) contracts solid, liquid, gas Absorbs more energy (light, radiation, heat) Holds more energy (light, radiation, heat) Conducts more energy (sound, electricity) Dissolves more molecules (nutrients, toxins) 30x less oxygenfreshwater 20-40x saltwater~50x less

14. gas exchange diffusion: the movement of gas from a higher concentration to a lower concentration passive process important factors: • concentration gradient • oxygen solubility • surface area • diffusion distance

15. Aquatic Physiology • Respiration • gill • diffusion • hemoglobin • pH • Regulation • gas bladder • osmosis • ion balance • excretion Chapter 3: Figures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, Table 3.1 Chapter 4: Figures 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 (Eq.) Chapter 5: Figures 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 (5th ed.) Chapter 6: Figures 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6 • see QS 6 and QS 7 • bring textbook to class

16. diffusion defined: the movement of oxygen gas from a higher concentration to a lower concentration important factors: • concentration gradient • oxygen solubility • surface area • diffusion distance

17. water flow blood flow Figure 3.1 (3.2 3rd Ed.)

19. lamella (s) lamellae (pl)

20. lamella (pl) counter-current gas exchange

21. Parallel Exchange Δ30°C Anti-Parallel or Counter-Current Δ55°C heat convection = gas diffusion greatest exchange

22. Figure 4.9, 4th and 3rd eds. concentration gradients PO2 ~ mmHg (millimeters of mercury) kPA or kilo Pascal (1000 kg/ms2) atm or atmosphere (1 = 760 mmHg [sea level] = 100 kPa)

23. diffusion defined: the movement of oxygen gas from a higher concentration to a lower concentration important factors: • concentration gradient • oxygen solubility • surface area • diffusion distance

24. temperature oxygen solubility salinity other gases Figure 3.2, 4th, 5th Ed.

25. pressure volume # of molecules temperature gas ~ PV = nRT where total pressure, Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 .....Pn and 1, 2, 3, = gas 1, gas 2, gas 3,.... such as....O2, CO2, N2,... oxygen concentration = oxygen partial pressure

26. PO2 >156 mmHg O2 > 6 mg O2/L Figure 3.2, 4th, 5th Ed.

27. diffusion defined: the movement of oxygen gas from a higher concentration to a lower concentration important factors: • concentration gradient • oxygen solubility • surface area • diffusion distance

28. surface area number thickness lamella (pl)

29. surface area

30. diffusion defined: the movement of oxygen gas from a higher concentration to a lower concentration important factors: • concentration gradient • oxygen solubility • surface area • diffusion distance

31. distance from water to blood oxygen gas [high] [low] • across the permeable lamellar membrane

32. diffusion distance

33. Aquatic Physiology • Respiration • gill • diffusion • hemoglobin • pH • Regulation • gas bladder • osmosis • ion balance • excretion Chapter 3: Figures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, Table 3.1 Chapter 4: Figures 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 (Eq.) Chapter 5: Figures 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 (5th ed.) Chapter 6: Figures 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6 • see QS 6 and QS 7 • bring textbook to class

34. habitat • activity role of Hb and pH (via CO2) species A species B Figure 4.4, all eds.

35. respiratory pigments also Antarctic fishes (notothenoids)

37. hemoglobin, Hb • transport molecule • oxygen • carbon dioxide • carbon monoxide • hydrogen • occur in erythroctyes • red blood cells iron (heme) unit 4 protein chains aka tetrameric

38. measuring Hb behavior O2 capacity = 100% maximum saturation O2affinity = 50% half saturation value, or P50

39. Hb types: “family of molecules”

40. 1. Hb behavior ~ binds reversibly maximum binding minimum binding high PO2 (water/gills/lung) Hb-O2 low PO2 (blood/tissues) Hb O2

41. Hb-O2 1. high PO2 2. low PO2 gills tissues O2 Hb binds reversibly

42. 2. Hb behavior ~ sensitive to pH pH 6 pH 4 Hb-O2 Hb O2

43. pH = measure of H+ ions more H+ ions, more acidity, lower pH

44. tissues bicarbonate equilibrium equation CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ carbon metabolism lowers pH

45. Hb-O2 1. high PO2 2. low PO2 gills tissues O2 Hb 3. low pH sensitive to pH

46. sensitive to pH (via CO2) tissue pH (CO2) species A species B favors Hb O2 Figure 4.4, all eds.

47. pH effects on Hb at tissues Root effect/shift O2 capacity = 100% maximum saturation O2affinity = 50% half saturation value, or P50 Bohr effect/shift

48. Figure 4.5, all eds. pH 8.0 7.5 7.2 Bohr = decreased affinityRoot = decreased capacity

49. ensures full oxygen delivery to tissues

50. tradeoffs species A species B Hb capacity: higher lower Hb affinity (P50): higher (lower <20 mmHg) lower (higher 20+ mmHg) high