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Discrete Mathematics Lecture: Set Operations and Grouping

This lecture covers the basic concepts of discrete mathematics, including set operations and grouping. It focuses on how these concepts are applied in various fields, especially in ICT (Information and Communication Technology).

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Discrete Mathematics Lecture: Set Operations and Grouping

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  1. Agenda • Deskripsi perkuliahan Matematika Diskrit • Topik Minggu 1: • Himpunan • Operasi-operasi pada Himpunan • Pembagian Kelompok dan Latihan Soal

  2. Deskripsi Perkuliahan • Referensi materi: • GBPP (Garis-Garis Besar Program Pembelajaran) TI 101Matematika Diskrit • Tujuan instruksional: • Mahasiswa memiliki pengetahuan, pemahaman, dan kemampuan untuk menerapkan dasar-dasar ilmu Matematika Diskrit dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan, khususnya di bidang ICT (Teknik Informatika, Sistem Komputer, dan Sistem Informasi) • Mekanisme perkuliahan: • Paparan teori: 2x50 menit • Latihan soal (kelompok/individu): 50 menit • Paparan dalam bahasa Indonesia, slide presentasi dalam bahasa Inggris (menyesuaikan dengan textbook)

  3. Textbook • R. Johnsonbaugh, Discrete Mathematics, Pearson International Edition (7th edition), 2009 • K.H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, McGraw-Hill (6th edition),2006 • S. Lipschutz, et. al, Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Discrete Mathematics, McGraw-Hill (3th edition), 2009

  4. Ketentuan Penilaian • Bobot masing-masing penilaian: • Tugas Mandiri 30% • Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS) 30% • Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS) 40% • Tugas Mandiri • Quiz (minimal 2 kali) • Diumumkan seminggu sebelumnya • Penyelesaian soal-soal latihan (kelompok/individu)

  5. Disiplin Perkuliahan • Peringatan dari manajemen universitas tentang Kehadiran • Maksimum absensi: 3x dari 14x pertemuan • Siswa dapat gagal mengikuti UAS apabila prosentase kehadiran tidak terpenuhi • Toleransi keterlambatan 15 menit • Presensi diambil pada 15 menit awal perkuliahan • Diperiksa kembali di akhir perkuliahan dengan validasi di euis.umn.ac.id (bersama dengan ketua/wakil ketua kelas) • Mahasiswa yang terlambat dan dianggap absen tetap dapat mengikuti perkuliahan • Apabila mahasiswa ada keperluan mendadak, hubungi dosen/BAAK untuk memperoleh dispensasi

  6. Kenapa Mahasiswa ICT perlu belajar Discrete Mathematics (Matematika Diskret) • Discrete mathematics is mathematics that deal with discrete objects  objects which are separated from each other, e.g. integers, propositions,sets,relations, functions,graphs, etc • Foundation for ICT applications, e.g. : • Analysis of algorithms • Circuit design • Unicast & multicast routing • Computer security • Database • Deadlock analysis …

  7. Pokok Bahasan (1)

  8. Pokok Bahasan (2)

  9. Pokok Bahasan (3)

  10. Pokok Bahasan (4)

  11. Set (Himpunan)

  12. Set Definition: A set is unordered collection of objects. The objects in a set are called the elements, or members, of the set. A set is said to contain its elements. A = { a, b, c, d } B = { 1, 2, 3 } Notation: a is an element of the set: a  A f is not an element of the set: f  A

  13. Describing a Set (1) { … } V is a set of all vowel in alphabet: {a, e, i, o, u} O is a set of odd positive integers less than 10: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} P is a set of positive integer less than 100: {1, 2, 3, …, 99} D is a set of personal data: {Joko, student, UMN}  unrelated elements

  14. Describing a Set (2) Set Builder O is a set of odd positive integers less than 10: O = {x | x is an odd positive integer less than 10} OR O = {x  Z+ | x is odd and x < 10} Z+ is the set of all positive integers

  15. Set Builder: Describe the following sets {0, 3, 6, 9, 12} {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3} {m, n, o, p} {1, 2, 4, 8, 16}

  16. Describing a Set:Common Notations Z = {…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …} , the set of integers. Z+ = {1, 2, 3, …} , the set of positive integers. (N = {1, 2, 3, …} , the set of natural numbers) Znonneg ={0} Z+ = {0, 1, 2, 3, …} , the set of non-negative integers. Q = {p/q | p  Z, q  Z, and q ≠ 0} , the set of rational numbers}. Q+ is the set of all positive rational numbers. Q+ = {x  R | x = p/q, for some positive integers p and q}. R = the set of real numbers, consisting of all point in a straight line.

  17. U • a • •o • eV•u • •i Describing a Set (3) Venn Diagram Rectangle: the universal set U Circle : sets, e.g. V

  18. Equality Definition: Two sets are equal if and only if they have the same elements. That is, if A and B are sets then A and B are equal if and only if For every x, if x  A, then x  B For every x, if x  B, then x  A A = B Examples: A = {1, 3, 5} B = {5, 1, 3} C = {1, 1, 3, 3, 5} A = B ?  Yes B = C ?  Yes

  19. Equality A = { X | X2 + X – 6 = 0 } B = { 2, 3 } A = B ? No  A ≠ B A = { X | X2 + 5 X + 6 = 0 } B = { -2, -3 } A = B ? Yes

  20. Empty Set & Singleton Definition: Empty set or null set is a set that has no elements. Notation: , { } Ex. The set of all positive integers that are greater than their squares. Singleton set is a set with one element. Ex. the set of positive odd integers less than 3: { 1 }

  21. Subset Definition: The set A is said to be a subset of B if and only if every element of A is also an element of B. Notation: A  B Means: for every x, if x  A then x  B U B A

  22. Subset: Theorem •   S • S  S Proof: • Show that: for every x, if x   then x  S) • Because the empty set contains no elements, it follows that x   is always false. • It means that x    x  S is always true (you will learn the truth table for conditional statements in next week’s lecture)

  23. Proper Subset Definition: The set A is a subset of B but A ≠ B Notation: A  B Means: A is a subset of B and A does not equal B Note : proper subset pasti subset tetapi subset belumtentu proper subset.

  24. Subset: Examples Give examples of: A  B and B  C A  B and B  C

  25. Equality of two sets Definition: IF A  B and B  A THEN A = B Example: A= { , {a}, {b}, {a, b}} B = {x | x is a subset of the set {a, b}} A = B

  26. Finite Set and Cardinality Definition: Let S be a set. If there are exactly n distinct elements in S where n is a nonnegative integer, we say that S is a finite set and that n is the cardinality of S. Notation: | S | A is a set of odd positive integers less than 10. |A| = 5 S is a set of letters in alphabet. |S| = 26 B = {1, 1, 3, 5, 7} | B | = 4

  27. Infinite Set Definition: A set S is said to be infinite if it is not finite. Example: the set of positive integers.

  28. Power Set Definition: Given a set S, the power set of S is the set of all subsets of the set S. Notation: P(S) What is the power set of the set {0, 1, 2}? P({0, 1, 2}) = {, {0}, {1}, {2}, {0, 1}, {0, 2}, {1, 2}, {0, 1, 2}}

  29. Cardinality of Power Set |S| = 3 |P(S)| = 23 = 8

  30. Set Operations(Operasi-operasi pada Himpunan)

  31. Union Definition: Let A and B be sets. The union of the sets A and B, denoted by A  B, is the set that contains those elements that are either in A or in B, or in both. Notation: A  B = {x | x  A or x  B}

  32. Union: Example A = {1, 3, 5} B = {1, 2, 3} A  B = {1, 2, 3, 5}

  33. Intersection Definition: Let A and B be sets. The intersection of the sets A and B, denoted by A  B, is the set containing those elements in both A and B Notation: A  B = {x | x  A and x  B}

  34. Intersection: Example A = {1, 3, 5} B = {1, 2, 3} A  B = {1, 3}

  35. Difference Definition: Let A and B be sets. The difference of A and B, denoted by A – B, is the set containing those elements that are in A but not in B. it is also called the complement of B with respect to A. Notation: A – B = {x | x  A and x  B}

  36. Difference: Example A = {1, 3, 5} B = {1, 2, 3} A – B = { 5 } B – A = { 2 } In general : A – B ≠ B – A

  37. Disjoint Definition: Two sets are called disjoint if their intersection is the empty set. Notation: A  B =  A = {1, 3, 5} B = {2, 4, 6} A  B = 

  38. Cardinality of Union Definition: The cardinality of a union of two finite sets A and B is | A  B | Notation: | A  B | = | A | + | B | - | A  B |

  39. Complement Definition: Let U be the universal set. The complement of the set A, denoted by Ā, is the complement of A with respect to U or U – A. Notation: Ā = U – A ={x | x  A}

  40. Example A = {a, e, i, o, u} U – A = all other alphabets Let A be the set of positive integers greater than 10. U is the set of all positive integers. U – A = { 1, 2, 3, …, 10}

  41. Example A group of 165 students. 8 are taking calculus, computer science and psychology 33 are taking calculus, computer science 20 are taking calculus and psychology 24 are taking computer science and psychology 79 are taking calculus 83 are taking psychology 72 are taking computer science

  42. Example A group of 165 students. 8 are taking calculus, computer science and psychology 25(33-8) are only taking calculus, computer science 12(20-8) are only taking calculus and psychology 16(24-8) are only taking computer science and psychology 34(79-25-12-8) are only taking calculus 47(83-12-16-8) are only taking psychology 23(72-25-16-8) are only taking computer science

  43. Set Identities Table

  44. Ordered n-tuple Definition: The ordered n-tuple (a1, a2, …, an) is the ordered collection that has a1 as its first element, a2 as its second element, …, and an as its nth element. Two ordered n-tuples are equal if and only if each corresponding pair of their elements is equal. (a1, a2, …, an) = (b1, b2, …, bn) if and only if ai=bi

  45. Cartesian Products Definition: Let A and B be sets. The Cartesian product of A and B, denoted by A  B, is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b), where a  A and b  B. Notation: A  B = {(a,b) | a  A  b  B}

  46. Cartesian Products: Example A = {0, 1} B = {1, 2} C = {0, 1, 2} A  B  C = ? {(0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), …, (1, 2, 2)} Students  Courses |Students| = m |Courses| = n |Students  Courses| = ?

  47. Exercises Show that: A  (B  C) = (C  B)  A A  (A  B) = A A  (A  B) = A Venn Diagram: A  (B – C) (A  B)  (A  C)

  48. Latihan Soal&Pembagian Kelompok

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