Antebellum Industry and Expansion

1. Antebellum Industry and Expansion Chapter 14

2. Objective #1 • Describe the movement and growth of America’s population in the early nineteenth century.

3. Objective #2 • Describe the early development of the factory system and Eli Whitney’s contributions.

4. Objective #3 • Explain the effect of early industrialism on workers, including women and children

5. Objective #4 • Describe the impact of new technology and transportation systems on American business and agriculture.

6. Objective #5 • Describe the sequence of major transportation and communication systems that developed from 1790 and 1860 and indicate their economic consequences.

7. Objective #6 • Describe the effects of the market revolution on the American economy, including the new disparities between rich and poor.

8. Economic Growth (1820-1860) • Move away from agriculture towards industry and technology • Agriculture still dominates overall • Per capita income doubles between 1820-1860 • Population still doubling every 25 years • Had 33 states by 1860

9. Factors that led to growth • Abundance of natural resources and raw materials • New workers/consumers • Women • Immigrants • Transportation improvements allowed for more distant markets, expansion

10. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

11. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

12. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

13. Erie Canal System

14. Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

15. Principal Canals in 1840

16. Inland Freight Rates

17. Clipper Ships

18. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

19. TheRailroadRevolution,1850s • Led to growth of big cities (Chicago) • Encouraged expansion, while binding U.S. together

20. Resourcefulness & Experimentation • Americans were willing to try anything. • They were first copiers, theninnovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860 4,357 “““

21. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

22. OliverEvans First automated flour mill First prototype of the locomotive

23. John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

24. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

25. Agricultural Specialization • New England= Dairy • Midwest = Grain • South = Cotton, Tobacco

26. Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

27. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840sSewing Machine

28. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

29. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

30. The “American Dream” • They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

31. Industrial Advancement • Innovations in transportation, agriculture, communication meant increased urban population • Embargoes, Non-intercourse and War of 1812 and tariff fueled US industry • 1820-1860: Production reorganized into factories (mechanization) • Market Revolution: National network of industry and commerce

32. 1820 Manufacturing • 2/3 of clothing made in home • Domestic System • Gain raw materials used in production • Distribute materials to workers • Pay them piecemeal • Very slow • Pay is low • Prices of goods are high

33. Changes in Manufacturing • Factories allow for all steps of production to be centralized • Cheap land to build factories • Immigration brings workers • Efficiency = less expensive goods • Use of power drive tools

34. Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)

35. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

36. Factory Working Conditions • Long hours • Low pay • Unsafe and unsanitary • Government did very little to regulate • Unions were usually outlawed in 1820s • Children made up a high percentage of workers

37. Jackson and Van Buren • Politicians begin listening to “common man” as they participate more in politics • Van Buren establishes 10-hr. day for federal employees in 1840 • More unions in 1830s • Over 300,000 strikes 1830s • Unions usually unsuccessful due to strength of employers, ease of finding replacements • Panic of 1837 killed labor movement

38. Commonwealth v. Hunt • 1842: U.S. Supreme Court legalized unions stating they were honorable and peaceful

39. Improved technology in Printing • Adopted and improved upon British inventions • Drives cost of books down • Increased number of books • Increased literacy • Book business was $10 million/yr. business by 1850

40. In the South • Majority of cotton went to England, but larger amounts going North • Cotton dominates • Increased need for slavery

41. Textile Manufacturing • Leading U.S. industry 1820-1860 • Centered in New England and Mid-Atlantic • Swift streams • Ease of trade • Large urban populations • Poor farmland • 71% of manufacturing went on in New England by 1860

42. New EnglandTextileCenters:1830s

43. New England Dominance in Textiles

44. The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

45. Lowell Mill

46. Lowell in 1850

47. Early Textile Loom

48. Women Working Outside of Home • Usually worked as nurses, domestic servants or teachers • 1850: 10% of women worked outside of home • “Cult of Domesticity” glorified role of women as homemaker

49. Lowell Women • Made up 70% of work force • First women to labor outside of home in large numbers • Gave unmarried women the chance to leave the farm • 60% of Lowell’s workers were women between 15-29

50. Lowell’s Working Conditions • Paid relatively well ($2.40-$3.20/wk) • Domestic servants (&.75/wk) • Seamstresses ($.90/wk) • 12 hour days/6 days per week • Women often viewed this as a temporary job