Facets, Search, and Discovery in Next Generation Catalogs

1. Facets, Search, and Discovery in Next Generation Catalogs Kathryn La Barre ISKO 2010, Rome

2. Support for this project OCLC/ALISE LISRGP Project report: Folktales and Facets: Final report to OCLC/ALISE IDEALS:http://hdl.handle.net/2142/14887 Graduate School of Library and Information Science CIRSS Center for Children’s Books Earlier version of this paper given at NASKO 2009

3. Heritage • There are two types of ‘width of knowledge.’ One is knowing as much as possible of what is going on now. The other is knowing how we got to where we are – what is the heritage of ideas and practice on which we may draw. • Vickery, B. C. (2004). A long search for information (Occasional Papers, No. 213). Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Footer

4. Three groups: • Library Research Circle (India) 1951 • Classification Research Group (UK) 1952 • Classification Research Study Group (North America) 1959 • As far as general libraries are concerned, classificatory research in the USA has taken a less spectacular form (than in Great Britain). • Yet it is interesting to note that a [USA] Classification Research Group was set up … in 1959; possibly there will be a slow recognition of the value and techniques of facet and phase analysis.” • Sayers, W.C.B. (1967). A manual of classification for librarians. 4th ed. London: Deutsch. p. 375.

5. Ranganathan’s tours in North America • 1950: SLA / ALA Golden Jubilee / GLS Conference Bibliographic Organization • 1958: American Documentation, Guest lecturer Chicago, ICSI, Western Reserve - Center for Documentation and Communication Research • 1963-1964: Visit University of Pittsburgh. / Rutgers • Seminar on the Colon Classification • 1970 Margaret Mann Citation in Cataloging and Classification Footer

6. Heritage facet work (North America) • 1961- 1963 American Institute of Physics: • Documentation Research Project • AUDACIOUS (UDC for IR) -- Atherton Cochrane/ Freeman • 1965 Western Reserve University (CDCR) Semantic code: factoring procedure for IR (influenced by CC) -- Melton/ Kent/ Perry • 1965 American Meteorological Society. • Mechanization of UDC for retrieval -- Freeman/ Rigby • 1966 American Petroleum Institute (API) facetedcontrolled vocabulary • 1967 American Institute of Physics (AIP) faceted classification • 1969 Library and Information Science Abstracts faceted indexing scheme for domain (created by CRG in 1963) Footer

7. Facet exemplars

8. Citations 1970-1980s • Scattered but steady: • James D. Anderson, • Pauline Atherton Cochrane, • Timothy Craven, • Eugene Garfield, • Jean Perrault, • Phyllis Richmond. Footer

9. Contemporary applications? • Rosenfeld and Morville’s (2002) Information Architecture for the World Wide Web. • Facet analysis in section 5.3.4 of the ANSI/NISO Z39.19-(2005) Guide to the Construction Management and Format of Controlled Vocabularies. • NCSU Endeca / faceted browsing and navigation • Flamenco - Marti Hearst Footer

10. “Low-hanging fruit”? • Hearst (2008) • “facets refer to categories used to characterize information items in a collection.” • Reamy (2009) • “facets are often derived by analysis of the text of an item using entity extraction techniques or from pre-existing fields in the database such as author, descriptor, language, and format. This approach permits existing web-pages, product descriptions or articles to have this extra metadata extracted and presented as a navigation facet” Footer

11. Strengths of facet analysis • Theory drawn from practice • Foregrounding • domain interests • information seeking strategies • tasks • domain vocabulary Footer

12. General site “facets” in use (2008 La Barre) Library [10] Reference [9] Museum [8] Business [3] Shopping [3] Society [3] Topic/ subject Location Author Date/year Country/region Content When Category Brand Price Title Genre Keyword Who Format Language Type

13. Michèle Hudon, Université de Montréal • Virtual library of education resources • FACETS: • Agent (who?), • Activity or process (what?), • Method or tool (how?), • Space or context (where?), • Time (when?), and • foundations (general documents) • Literature review (information seeking needs) • Classification of resources DDC/ Educator’s Reference Desk • Assign descriptors ÉDUthès : Thésaurus de l’éducation. Footer

14. ‘Facets” in OPACs? 12-2009 200 (stratified random sample) Aquabrowser (1523) PUBLIC Koha (844) PUBLIC SirsiDynix Enterprise (97) PUBLIC Primo (62) ACADEMIC VuFind (22) ACADEMIC Endeca (17) ACADEMIC Facets in use: [6] Subject/topic [5] Date of pub., author [4] Format, location, genre [3] Language, Availability, Series [2] Call number,Time(S), Place (S) Lib-web-cats (Breeding)

15. La Barre and Tilley Folktales and Facets • Task analysis • Interviews: 4 scholars • (Follow on with students, storytellers, teachers) • Facet analysis • Sample of books • Bibliographic records • Extant access tools • Folklore literature Footer

16. / FACET ANALYSIS Agent (by origin) (by mode) (by role) (by occupation) (by function) Relation (language) (award) (review) (by origin) (by form) (by function) (by level) (by aggregation) Place (by origin) (of setting) (of publication) (of item) Time (by origin) (of setting) (of publication) Elements (type) (motif) (character) (theme) (illustration) Documentation (bibliography)(index) (note) (acknowledgment) (table of contents) Performance (aspects) (strategies) (values) (interpretation) (role) (function) Transmission (aspects) (strategies) (reception) (values) (function) (role) Viewpoint (?)

17. AFS ETHNOGRAPHIC THESAURUS M Music N Dance P Material Culture Q Foodways R Work S Performance T Transmission U Beings V Space and Place W Time X Disciplines- Fields of study. Y Research, Theory, and Methodology Z Documentation A General ethnographic concepts. B Belief and worldview  C Ritual-belief manifest  D Health  E Migration and Settlement  F Human Dynamics  G Law and Governance H Education I Entertainment J Art K Language L Verbal Arts and Literature

18. Prototype Record Agent MARC 245/700 Relation MARC 510, 586, 76X-78X, [RDA linking] Place MARC 260, 751 [of setting] Time MARC 260 [of setting] Elements MARC 6XX (type) (motif) Documentation (MARC 5XX) (note) (acknowledgment) Performance (aspects) (strategies) (values) (interpretation) (role) (function) Transmission (aspects) (strategies) (reception) (values) (function) (role) (restrictions)

19. Next steps • Koha instantiation (1500 records) • Integration of AFS Thesaurus • Topic Map of LCSH/Ethnographic thesaurus • (>Berman headings) • Librarything for Libraries / Tags • FRBR in Koha • Ideal record structure > reflecting tasks Footer

20. Thank you!

24. High level categories

25. Facet analytical approach: Footer • Proper and rigorous practice of facet analysis by observing the rules of logical division. (Broughton, 2001, p. 67; Mills, 2004, p. 268). • one characteristic of division is applied at a time [conceptual analysis] • division steps should be logical and proximate • division should be exhaustive (Mills, 2004, pp. 551).

26. Planes of work • Idea: The work of FA takes place in the Idea plane, where an entity is analyzed into component parts • Verbal: FA continues here as further sorting and transformation of the selected categories/facets or terms occur. • Notational: work of FC -- translating selected terms into notation.

27. Facet Analysis (FA)Faceted classification (FC) FA - (analytical technique) • Listing of characteristics of the entities in a universe (exhaustive, mutually exclusive) FC - (synthetic structure) • Division of entities in a universe (by one characteristic at a time) FC – (structure of synthesis) • Synthesis – combine relevant facets: • Schedule of terms for description • Assignment of notation

28. Background FA/FC • Universal Decimal Classification • Otlet, La Fontaine -Documentalists • 1904-1907 – scheme published • Bliss Bibiliographic Classification • Henry Evelyn Bliss • 1908 (practice) 1923-1933 (theory) • Colon Classification • S. R. Ranganathan, • 1933 (practice) 1937-1967 (theory) (La Barre, 2000, 2003)

29. More FA / steps Identify domain / entities • Mapping the scope • (Context) Examine the domain • (Content) Survey the literature • (Users) Who? Information needs? • Label/ sort • Begin analysis with a list of “standard categories” (provisional guide) PMEST/ Who/ Where/ How/ What/ When • Result: set of homogeneous mutually exclusive groups (facets) • Formulate every distinctive logical category and possible relation • Cluster /order • In-depth analysis of categories • Cluster terms/ objects into arrays or groups which share a common characteristic

30. Average number of facets Search Browse Reference (5) (1) 9 (5) 1.6 Business (18) (12) 3.5 (7) 4.4 Shopping (20) (13) 3.5 (10) 3.4 Society (7) (5) 3 (2) 3 Library (6) (6) 10 (6) 5.8

31. Facets in use topic/subject 28 category 21 form(at) 19 location 17 brand 13 language 11 author 10 price 10 type 9 country/region 7 title 7 class number 6 date/year 6 genre 6 library 6 content 5 keyword 4 what 4 who 4

32. Footer

33. Footer

34. Footer