Islam Identifications

1. Islam Identifications • Muslim: person who follows Islam • Ka’aba: Islam’s holiest shrine – located in Mecca • Qu’ran: secret text, holy book of Islam • Mecca: birth place of Islam, holiest city, Saudi Arabia • Mosque: Muslim house of worship • Allah: Arabic for God same as J and C • Medina: first Islamic community, 2nd Holy city, Muhammad gains political and religious power • Hejira: 622 – Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina; marks first expansion of Islam • Jerusalem: 3rd Holiest city to Islam – Dome of the Rock

2. Five Pillars of Islam (#3) • Declaration of Faith (Shahada) • Prayers (Salah) • Charity (Sawm) • Fasting (Zakat) • Pilgrimage (Hajj)

3. The Rise and Spread of Islam

4. Arabia in the 7th Century

5. Arabian People • Nomads/Bedouins • Farmers • Traders • Tribes

6. Paganism • Worshipped many gods • Chief god was “Allah” meaning simply “the God.” Al-Uzza

7. Mecca

8. Trade Routes

9. Muhammad (#4) • Born CE 570 • From Quraysh tribe • Marries Khadija • Merchant/trader • Meditated in desert • Daughter Fatima married to cousin Ali

10. Muhammad (#5) • Final Prophet/Founder of Islam • Means to surrender/submit (#2) • Messages from God compiled in the Qur’an • Spread the message of one God

11. Medina and Hejira 622 Marks the beginning of expansion of Islam (#10)

12. Jerusalem • “Night Journey” from the nearest mosque to the farthest (“al-Aqsa”) mosque - 619 AD Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem The Night Journey

13. People of the Book (# 6) • Muhammad’s Term for Jews and Christians • Cause followed Gods teachings • Old and New Testament were God’s words but had been corrupted over time • Christianity and Judaism influenced Islam

14. Return to Mecca – 628AD Mecca

15. Kaaba • Housed 360 idols • Muhammad Smashed idols and dedicated to God (360) (#5) • Pilgrimages during holy month Dhul-Hijjah Ka’bah

16. What do you think? What are some of the implications that flowed from Muhammad’s smashing the idols at the Ka’bah?

17. “Farewell Speech” • Tribes throughout Arabia acknowledged Muhammad’s authority and converted to Islam • Muhammad delivered farewell speech in 632 • Muhammad died without designating a successor Mosque of the Prophet, Medina

18. Spread of Muslim Rule

19. Spread of Muslim Rule

20. Spread of Muslim Rule

21. Spread of Muslim Rule

22. Spread of Muslim Rule

23. Spread of Muslim Rule

24. Schism • Disagreement over style and qualifications • Bloody massacre • (#11) Split into Sunni and Shi’a during Umayyad Dynasty – date? • over the choosing of caliph – successor to Muhammad as leader of Islamic community (#11) • (#12) Sunni – 80% caliph based on merit – anyone • Shi'ite/Shi’a – caliph descendent of Muhammad Shrine at Karbala

26. 7. Hadith and Koran make up the Shariah Shariah – sacred law of Islam 8. oneness of God and Muhammad Final Prophet 9. Birth, Marriage, Death 10. Hejira (622), Muslim Army united by Jihad (to struggle to be the best Muslim/Holy War) and promise of riches, resentment of foreign rule, Conversion (equality of believers), tolerance 11. Umayyad, choosing a caliph 12. Shi’a (Shiite) and Sunni 13. Halal In Arabic, the word halal means permitted or lawful. Halal foods are foods that are allowed under Islamic dietary guidelines No pork or alcohol

27. Five Pillars of Islam • Declaration of Faith (Shahada) • Prayers (Salah) • Charity (Sawm) • Fasting (Zakat) • Pilgrimage (Hajj)

28. Ramadan (#14) 9th month of the Islamic/lunar calendar Month that Qur'an to Muhammad Fasting from sunup to sundown Focus on relationship with God/spiritually Night of Power: last days of the month it is believed that Muhammad first received the Qur'an. Eid ul-Fitr: holiday that marks the end of Ramadan and fasting

29. Monotheism Prophethood Old Testament Golden Rule 10 Commandments Jerusalem Holy Judgment Day Heaven Prayer Fasting Charity Coming of Age Pilgrimage Dietary Laws Islam, Christianity, and Judaism Similarities

30. Umayyads (661–750)

31. Umayyad Culture Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem Al-Aqsa (“furthest”) mosque, built CE 715

32. Shi’ism Today

33. Umayyad Decline • Fragmentation • split • Non-Arabs • Leadership problems

34. Abbasids (750–1258)First 100 years 1st Golden Age (#15) Because of economic power, medicine, science, math, and architecture

35. Abbasid Culture • Trade revival • Arabic numerals • Algebra

36. Science and Medicine • Astrolabe • Medicine • Ibn Sina (Avicenna) • Muhammad Al-Razi Astrolabe

37. Hadith

38. Mosques

39. Abbasid Decline Mosque of Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil

40. The Moors: The Visigoths had ruled Spain until 711, when the Moors crossed into Spain from North Africa. For the next three centuries, the Moors controlled most of Spain by establishing a “caliphate,” or religious center, in Cordoba. Spain enjoyed a “golden age.” The Moors were able administrators who built Spain into a thriving center of culture and scholarship. The Moors were Muslims, but they were generally tolerant of the Christians and Jews who lived in Spain. Spanish Jews benefited from the tolerant policies of the Moors. This enabled them to have one of the most prosperous periods in their history. Christian kingdoms in northern Spain and France slowly began the Reconquista (or reconquest) of Spain, a struggle that lasted almost 500 years. Quarrels among the Moors led to the overthrow of the caliphate of Cordoba in 1031. The Moors remained in Spain until King Ferdinand of Aragon, and Queen Isabella of Castille merged their kingdoms and forced the Muslims and Jews to leave Spain

41. Row 5 16. Life long learners/education important - translated Greek and Sanskrit works on philosophy and science House of Wisdom – Baghdad – Al Mamun – preserved ancient learning – diffused to Europe 17. Medicine: Diagnosis/treatment/qualifying examinations Muhammad al-Razi and IbnSina – all influenced the West Math – algebra Science Architecture - minarets 18. Letters of credit – receipts – bills of lading

42. Comparison of Statistics and Basics

43. Comparison of Origins and History

44. Comparison of Religious Beliefs