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Chapter 8 A New Century Mr. Athan. A Journey Through North Carolina History. First in Flight. December 17, 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright airplane stayed aloft for 12 seconds. An Age of Growth and Conflict.
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Chapter 8 A New Century Mr. Athan A Journey Through North Carolina History
First in Flight • December 17, 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright airplane stayed aloft for 12 seconds
An Age of Growth and Conflict • The Wright brothers’ accomplishment opened a century filled with technological wonders. • Technology sped up industrial growth, which brought many changes to North Carolina • Cars kept residents on the move, and radios linked them to the rest of the world. • Towns and cities grew • New roads and schools sprang up around the state.
How did growth, conflict, and challenges affect change in North Carolina? • Social and political problems proved harder to handle than the laws of physics. • Flying machines soon became powerful weapons in a deadly world war. • a growing economy produced poverty as well as prosperity. • Tenant farmers and sharecroppers still struggled to make ends meet. • factory workers, advances in technology sometimes made jobs more difficult and harder to find
Textile Mills • Hundreds of textile mills opened in North Carolina between the 1880s and the 1930s. • Nine-year-old Nannie started on a spinning machine • She worked 12 hours a day during the week, 10 hours on Saturdays. • She made 25 cents a day.
The Growth of Industry • Business profits helped build towns, churches, schools, hospitals, and libraries. • Factories also shaped new social classes. • Industry also increased the number of middle-class professionals, like lawyers, managers, and merchants. • For much of the state’s history, most North Carolinians had been small farmers, large landowners, or slaves. • Now, the thousands who worked in textile, tobacco, or furniture factories formed a new working class
The Power of Electricity • Brothers W. Gill and Robert Wylie and William States Lee convinced tobacco king James Buchanan Duke to invest a large piece of his fortune in their idea. • The Southern Power Company (which later became Duke Power) soon began building hydroelectric dams on rivers across the region
Life as a Mill Worker • every member of a family was expected to work— even children as young as 9 or 10 years old • If too many family members quit or were fired from the mills, the family had to move out of the village. • mill work offered a steadier income than sharecropping or tenant farming.
Life as a Mill Worker • Mill workers had far less independence than farmers. • A mill worker’s life was governed by the mill clock and whistle. • Mill owners had a lot of control over workers’ lives. • This kind of relationship between mill owners and their workers became known as paternalism.
“Welfare Work” • To keep workers from moving so often, mill owners often started education and entertainment programs in their villages. • Owners wanted workers to develop habits and goals that would help them thrive in modern industrial life. • Organized sports taught workers to follow rules and work as a team to achieve goals.
The Progressive Era Regulation and Safety • Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which inspected meat and tested drugs for safety. • income tax to pay for government programs and created a program to regulate banking. North Carolina Progressives • Governors Charles Aycock, Locke Craig, and Thomas Bickett. • supported public health campaigns • found money for roads and public schools. • built YMCAs and YWCAs
Hookworms • are parasites that live in a person’s intestines • feed on red blood cells. • As a result, people with serious hookworm infestations always feel tired and sluggish. • 43% of population had hookworms
How did economic, legal, and social institutions impact North Carolina?
Improving State Schools • Governor Aycock called for “the shining of ten thousand lights emanating from as many schools.” • Early students came to school only when they could be spared from farmwork. • new schools used the system of “graded” schooling. • The goal was to master a full grade’s material every year
Early School These children attended school in High Shoals.
How did the changing role of education impact the state? • Many farm families did not see the importance of formal education. • North Carolina’s new economy offered many new opportunities • jobs as clerks, managers, teachers, and engineers—for educated people. • School became the path to a better life in a way it had never been before.
The Fight Against Child Labor ” Why do you think the boss didn’t want the young boy photographed?
Separate and Unequal • Most of North Carolina’s Progressive reforms had limited benefits for people of color • two public school systems, one for whites and one for blacks. • White schools received more than three times as much money per student than black schools did
Jim Crow Laws • The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states could legally establish “separate but equal” institutions for blacks. • forced blacks to ride in separate railway cars and at the backs of buses. • kept blacks from buying houses in white neighborhoods. • States followed the “separate” part of the law while ignoring the “equal” part.
Customs and Culture • Employers typically hired whites for skilled jobs and blacks for unskilled jobs. • Blacks were expected to address whites as “sir” and “ma’am” while whites called blacks by their first names. • Blacks were also expected to give up bus seats to whites and to step off sidewalks to let whites pass. • Lynchers took pictures of their victims and sent them as postcards through the mail
The Revival of the Klan • The Birth of a Nation, the country’s first major feature film • The movie praised members of the Ku Klux Klan as heroes. • President Woodrow Wilson praised it • Klan members were against not only blacks, but also Jews, Catholics, and immigrants. • The organization’s slogan was “Native, White, Protestant Supremacy.” • More than 3 million people across the country joined.
This poster advertised The Birth of a Nation. • What was one effect the movie had on the Ku Klux Klan?
African Americans Fight Back • Faced challenges of the segregation, discrimination, and racial violence • Members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) challenged legal segregation and worked for anti-lynching laws. • W. E. B. DuBois urged blacks to fight for their rights.
The North Carolina Mutual • turned discrimination into an opportunity. • expanded throughout the South and became the largest black-owned financial institution in the nation.
Palmer Memorial Institute • African Americans also devoted themselves to black schools. • advertised her school as a vocational institution, a school that teaches a trade. • Many local whites donated money to it.
How did WWI affect North Carolina? • More than 80,000 North Carolinians served in the war • The wartime demand for goods raised crop prices, textile wages, and factory profits, which boosted the state economy. • While some North Carolinians left home to go to war, others left home to look for jobs. • African Americans led the way.
Camp Greene • A Speech at Camp Greene
Josephus Daniels • most prominent North Carolinian in the war • was a newspaper editor • served as Woodrow Wilson’s secretary of the Navy throughout the conflict.
What changes occurred in North Carolina during the 1920s? • A time of economic growth and social change. • “Good Roads State” - state roads commissioner Harriet Morehead Berry helped pass a law that created hundreds of miles of paved highways. • “roadhouses” - popular dance clubs along the roads outside of towns.
Prohibition • Throughout the 1920s, drinking, selling, or making alcoholic beverages was illegal in the United States • Many North Carolinians knew how to make, or distill, their own whiskey, and they hid it from the law • Rural distillers were known as “moonshiners
North Carolina Musicians • Charlie Poole • J. C. and Wade Mainer • Lester Flatt • Earl Scruggs • Reverend Gary Davis • Sonny Terry • Blind Boy Fuller • Music and History
Women’s Suffrage • Congress to pass the Nineteenth Amendment, which gave women the right to vote. 36 states ratified the amendment. • NC did not • many of the men who ran the state did not think women should vote.
Religious Paths • Holiness and Pentecostalism stressed the importance of physically feeling the power of God, so services were full of shouting and dancing. stressed speaking in unknown languages • The Social Gospel They felt God had called them to improve conditions for the poor and suffering • Fundamentalism One of the group’s major assertions was that the Bible was literally true. Believed the theory of evolution contradicted the story of creation told in the Bible
Scopes Trial • In Tennessee, a science teacher named John T. Scopes chose to defy state law by teaching his students about the theory of evolution. • State officials arrested him and put him on trial. • Although Scopes was found guilty, supporters of teaching evolution gained national recognition
Troubles on the Farm • Not all North Carolinians prospered in the 1920s • As industry boomed, farm economy suffered. • The state’s cotton crop was attacked by the boll weevil—a small worm that burrowed into cotton bolls and destroyed crops • Cotton had once made planters rich. Now it made the South the poorest region in the nation
