La Belle Époque [1871-1914]: “The Beautiful Era”

1. La Belle Époque[1871-1914]:“The Beautiful Era”

2. Advances in technology, democratic reform and creativity in arts Everything solved by the new ideas Mass Politics, Mass Society and Mass Production overwhelms individualism and nationality Outsiders use violence to be more included Intellectual trends stress struggle and violence Art movement changed Characteristics of La Belle Epoch

3. Middle Class-Age of the Middle Class They created the ‘status quo’ and are the ‘arbiter of taste’ Not homogenous ‘white collar’ workers Paris, Vienna and Manchester urbanize better La Belle EpochMass Society

4. La Belle Epoch • 1. Second Industrial Revolution (1850-WWI) • Steam  electricity & Petroleum • Internal combustion & diesel engines • Britain  “The World’s Industrial Workshop” • Germany & U.S.-> surpasses Britain (1900) • Corporations  limited liability of investments. • Cartels to control prices • 2. Development “zones” • Inner Zone Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, N Italy ,W Austria • Outer Zone  Ireland, Iberia, Italy, Eastern Europe • Underdeveloped Zone  Africa & Asia

5. Larger factories Bessemer Steel Skyscrapers Chemicals Lighted cities Refrigeration TNT X-Rays ****ASSEMBLY LINES*** Cars Steamships Suez Canal (1869) Panama Canal (1914) Airplanes (1903) Subways Suburbs Transatlantic Telegraph cable laid Marconi’s Radio (1880) New Inventions

6. La Belle Epoch • 3. Free Trade & Protectionism • 4. Economy ->World Markets -> Booms & Bust cycle • 5. Advance of Democracy Extension of the vote to the working class. Creating a “welfare state.” • 6. Materialism…Consumerism (consumer economy) • Higher standard of living • Department Stores created 1870 • 7. Migration from Europe • 1850-1940  60 million left Europe • Emigrate to  US, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Australia

7. La Belle Epoch 8. Increased European Population • 1/5th of worlds population ( 260-450 million from 1850-1914) • Smaller families, improved health, living conditions & industrialization • Rural people crowded cities Americas, Australia & South Africa • 9. Growth of Cities & Urban Life • More leisure time • parks, dance and concert halls created • 10. Medicine- • Louis Pasteur- • Joseph Lister- • Medical schools developed

8. Governments used republicanism, public opinion, and mass communication Mass Communication influences public opinion Most countries controlled by a ruling elite Conflicts arise (social and ethnic)…outsiders bad! Mass politics  Large Groups  manipulation of public opinion  generally against minority groups and ‘outsiders’ Mass Politics

9. 10. 11. Education- Most of western Europeans became literate Maria Montessori (1870-1952) Nationalism and xenophobia spread 12. Family and Childhood- Distinct gender roles Use of Enlightened ideas to raise kids 13. Jews- Most have been liberated due to Enlightenment Marx, Freud, and Einstein famous Jews of this time…led to anti Semitism (accidentally) Anti-Semitism Darwinism…Pogroms…Dreyfus Affair Led to…Theodore Herzl  1896… “Father of Modern Zionism” La Belle Epoch

10. Women’s Movement- ‘Feminism’ They can work white collar jobs, but still raise the kids 1850-1914 Women gained rights such in legal system, property ownership, divorce and custody of kids Obscenity Laws-prohibited publications on birth control Right to vote occurs after WWI for most western countries Emmeline Pankhurst created (Women’s Social and Political Union) Florence Nightingale Maria Montessori La Belle Epoch

11. Faith in Science Alone Science at the core of industrialization. “New Wonders” of daily life. Positivism – Auguste Comte Father of sociology…3 Stages of history Charles Darwin - Darwinism Origin of Species [1859] “survival of the fittest” “Social Darwinism”  Herbert Spenser Promote racism La Belle Epoch

12. La Belle Epoch • Physics- • Newtonian Science turned on its head • Einstein  “Theory of Relativity” • Marie Curie -> discovered radium & said atoms emitted radioactivity • William Roentgen -> x-rays • “New” sciences ->anthropology, archaeology, sociology, psychology, etc.

13. La Belle Epoch • Psychology • Ivan Pavlov  conditioned responses • Sigmund Freud  psychoanalysis • The Interpretation of Dreams [1900] • The role of the unconscious [id, ego, super ego]. • Friedrich Nietzsche ->Übermensch  “Super Man”->Morality is personal • Internal Religious Struggles • modernists vs. fundamentalists

14. Literature movement that is opposite of Romanticism Attention to good and bad aspects of industrial states Charles Dickens Emile Zola George Bernard Shaw Leo Tolstoy- War and Peace La Belle EpochRealism and Naturalism

15. ART- Reflects economic, political and social problems • Impressionism- ‘Capture what the eye sees’ • Use of lights and shadows, visible • brushstrokes and backgrounds • Claude Monet Pierre August Renoir • Edgar Degas Edmond Manet Monet

16. <- Degas Renoir ^

17. Manet

18. Postimpressionism Moving away from lights and shadow use Van Gogh George Seurat

20. Expressionism • Distortion of color and use of color to capture problems in Europe

21. Cubism / Futurism Glorified the influence of technology Picasso