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Economic Growth: Factors, Conditions, and Hindrances

This article explores the concept of economic growth, including its definition, reasons for growth, conditions necessary for growth, and hindrances that can impede growth. It covers topics such as physical capital, technology and productivity, human capital, and hindrances like political instability and restrictions on free trade.

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Economic Growth: Factors, Conditions, and Hindrances

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  1. Mr. RuppAP Macroeconomics Economic Growth & Productivity

  2. Economic Growth Defined • Sustained increase in Real GDP over time. • Sustained increase in Real GDP per Capita over time.

  3. Why Grow? • Growth leads to greater prosperity for society. • Lessens the burden of scarcity. • Increases the general level of well-being.

  4. Conditions for Growth • Rule of Law • Sound Legal and Economic Institutions • Economic Freedom • Respect for Private Property • Political & Economic Stability • Low Inflationary Expectations • Willingness to sacrifice current consumption in order to grow • Saving • Trade

  5. Physical Capital • Tools, machinery, factories, infrastructure • Physical Capital is the product of Investment. • Investment is sensitive to interest rates and expected rates of return. • It takes capital to make capital. • Capital must be maintained.

  6. Technology & Productivity • Research and development, innovation and invention yield increases in available technology. • More technology in the hands of workers increases productivity. • Productivity is output per worker. • More Productivity = Economic Growth.

  7. Human Capital • People are a country’s most important resource. Therefore human capital must be developed. • Education • Economic Freedom • The right to acquire private property • Incentives • Clean Water • Stable Food Supply • Access to technology

  8. Growth Illustrated LRAS SRAS PL P AD YF GDPR

  9. Growth Illustrated LRAS PL SRAS P AD YF GDPR

  10. Growth Illustratedor . .  Capital Goods  PPC PPC1  Consumer Goods

  11. Hindrances to Growth • Economic and Political Instability • High inflationary expectations • Absence of the rule of law • Diminished Private Property Rights • Negative Incentives • The welfare state • Lack of Savings • Excess current consumption • Failure to maintain existing capital • Crowding Out of Investment • Government deficits & debt increasing long term interest rates! • Increased income inequality  Populist policies • Restrictions on Free International Trade

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