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IP Addressing

IP Addressing. Chapter 9. Chapter Objectives. Explain difference between dynamic and static addresses Identify different classes of IP addresses Describe IP Subnet Identify IP Masks Explain Classless IP addressing and CIDR Explain special IP addresses

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IP Addressing

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  1. IP Addressing Chapter 9 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  2. Chapter Objectives • Explain difference between dynamic and static addresses • Identify different classes of IP addresses • Describe IP Subnet • Identify IP Masks • Explain Classless IP addressing and CIDR • Explain special IP addresses • Explain host addressing in Mobile IP Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  3. Recall • NetBIOS include Name service, Session service and Datagram service • NetBIOS name cache contains NetBIOS names and their corresponding IP addresses that were recently resolved by local computer • Supporting Protocols within IP layer are ARP, RARP, ICMP and IGMP • Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) specifies maximum amount of data that a frame can carry within a network Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  4. IP Address • A Unique, 32-bit address used by computers to communicate over a computer network Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  5. Classful IP Addressing - I • IP address structure consists of two addresses, Network and Host • IP address is divided into five classes Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  6. Classful IP Addressing - II Byte 1 Byte 4 Byte 2 Byte 3 Class A Network ID Host ID Class B Network ID Host ID Class C Network ID Host ID Class D Multicast Address Class E Reserved for future use Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  7. Examples of Classful Addressing • 14.23.120.8 - The first byte of the address represents 14 which lies between 0 and 126, hence Class A address. • 134.11.78.56 - The first byte of address is 134 which lies between 128 and 191 hence the address belongs to Class B. • 193.14.56.22 - As first byte is 193 which is between 192 and 223, hence the address belongs to Class C. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  8. Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast Addresses • Used to achieve communication on the Internet • Unicast address uniquely identifies a host in a network and belongs to class A, B and C • Multicast address defines an address for a group and belongs to class D • A system on a multicast network can have more than one class D multicast address • Broadcast address allows user to send data packet to all machines on a given network and is last address of that network Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  9. Guidelines for using an IP Address • All hosts located on same physical network segment must have same network address. • A unique host ID of the IP address must be allotted for each host on the network segment. • A network ID that starts with its first byte indicating 127 should not be used, as this value is reserved for loop back functions. • A network ID having all 1s in its host address field cannot be used, as this represents a broadcast address for the local network. • A network ID having all 0s in the network address field cannot be used for communication over Internet as this address represents the default network address. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  10. IP Subnetting through CBT Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  11. Subnet Mask • Specifies part of IP address used to identify a subnetwork. • Subnet mask when logically ANDed with IP address provides 32-bit network address Subnet Mask AND Operation Network Address IP Address Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  12. Default Mask • Has predetermined number of 1s • Class A, B and C contains 1s in network ID fields for default subnet mask Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  13. Classless IP Addressing • Ruled out fixed size network address • Network address can vary from 0-bit to 31-bit • Uses Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) addressing scheme • CIDR address notation: 154.201.179.42/18 First 18 bits represent network ID IP address Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  14. Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) • Used by CIDR to allocate IP addresses to subnets depending up on the requirement • Allows network administrator to create variable size subnets within a network • Employs two different subnet masks at router which are ANDed one after another to the address Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  15. Example of VLSM - I • For example, if an organization is given a Class C address and the organization needs to have five subnets VLSM employs two subnet masks. • If the IP address is 201.70.64.0, consider the first subnet mask with 26 1s that is 255.255.255.192 or in binary format 1111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 which provides four subnets having 64 addresses in each subnet. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  16. Example of VLSM - II • Further, one of the subnet having 64 host addresses is divided in two subnet having 32 hosts addresses by applying a mask of 27 1s that is 255.255.255.224 or 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 to one of the subnet from the four subnets. Refer to the figure in next slide. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  17. Example of VLSM - III 201.70.64.0 – 201.70.64.63 201.70.64.64– 201.70.64.127 201.70.64.128 – 201.70.64.191 201.70.64.192 – 201.70.64.223 201.70.64.224 – 201.70.64.254 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  18. Case Study The Moneymaker bank has been granted an IP address 190.100.0.0/16 by IANA. The Bank has started its branches in Delhi, Bangalore, and Mumbai. It is seen that • The Delhi branch requires 64 networks while each network needs 254 addresses • The Bangalore branch must have 128 networks while each network needs 126 addresses • The Mumbai branch requires 128 networks while each network needs 62 host addresses. Design the subnetworks, give slash notation for each subnetwork and calculate the number of addresses which still remain available after allocation of addresses. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  19. Problem Implementing VLSM to create subnets within a network Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  20. Suggested Solution Create subnets for each branch Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  21. Special Addresses • IP addresses which are never used on the public Internet Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  22. IPv6 • Latest version of IP addressing over IPv4 • Implements 128-bit network in contrast to 32-bit IP address used by IPv4 • Address notation consists of 32 hexadecimal digits with every 4 digits separated by a colon Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  23. Ping, Tracert and Path Ping • Utility tools used for keeping track about hosts on the network and network structure • Ping (Packet Internet Groper) – Used by computer network to test whether intended host is reachable across IP network • Tracert – Used by Windows operating system to increase time-to-live (TTL) value of data packets sent • Pathping – Provides useful information about network errors, network latency and network loss at hops between source and destination address Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  24. Explain mobile IP through CBT Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  25. Summary - I • An IP address defines unique address of a device over a network • An IP address is a 32 Byte address and is divided into various classes namely Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E • In Classless addressing, network address field can extend further to Host Id field • Subnetting allows one to create multiple logical networks within a single Class A, B, or C address based network • A subnet mask is a 32-bit IP address, when bit-wise ANDed with given IP address provides with the address required to identify a subnet Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

  26. Summary – II • CIDR makes use of VLSM to allocate IP addresses to subnets depending upon the need of the organization • Routing devices on the Internet discard any IP datagram or packet using private IP addresses • A Loop-back address is a test address which acts as a test mechanism of network devices and protocols • IPv6 implements 128-bit network in contrast to 32-bit IP address used by IPv4 • Mobile IP allows mobile devices to move from one network to another while maintaining the connectivity to the Internet Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

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