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Light refraction

Light refraction. REFRACTION The bending of a ray of light as it passes from one medium to another is called refraction. Reflection and Refraction at an Interface.

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Light refraction

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  1. Light refraction

  2. REFRACTION The bending of a ray of light as it passes from one medium to another is calledrefraction.

  3. Reflection and Refraction at an Interface

  4. The speed of light c in a material is generally less than the free-space velocity c of 3 x108 m/s. In water light travels about three-fourths of its velocity in air. Light travels about two-thirds as fast in glass. The ratio of the velocity c of light in a vacuum to the velocity v of light in a particular medium is called the index of refraction,n for that material.

  5. Light bends toward the normal when entering medium of higher index of refraction Light bends away fromthe normal when entering medium of lower index of refraction

  6. SNELL’S LAW The ratio of the sine of the incident angle to the sine of the refracted angle is constant. n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2 n1 = index of refraction of the incident medium n2 = index of refraction of the second medium

  7. Example A ray of light travels from air into liquid. The ray is incident upon the liquid at anangle of 30°. The angle of refraction is 22°. a. What is the index of refraction of the liquid? n1 = 1 1 = 30 2 = 22 n1sin 1 = n2sin 2 = 1.33

  8. Light refraction

  9. THIN LENSES Lensesare an essential part of telescopes, eyeglasses, cameras, microscopes and other optical instruments. A lens is usually made of glass, or transparent plastic.

  10. A converging (convex) lens is thick in the center and thin at the edges. A diverging (concave) lens is thin in the center and thick at the edges.

  11. The two main types of lenses are convex and concave lenses. The focal length (f) of a lens depends on its shape and its index of refraction.

  12. IMAGE FORMATION BY LENSES There are three principal rays to locate an image.

  13. Ray 1.A ray parallel to the axis passes through the second focal point F2 of a converging lens or appears to come from the first focal point F1 of a diverging lens.

  14. Ray 2.A ray which passes through the first focal point F1 of a converging lens or proceeds toward the second focal point F2 of a diverging lens is refracted parallel to the lens axis.

  15. Ray 3.A ray through the geometrical center of a lens will not be deviated.

  16. Principal Rays

  17. A real image is always formed on the side of the lens opposite to the object. A virtual image will appear to be on the same side of the lens as the object.

  18. 23.7 • Find the images formed by the following lenses using the Ray Tracing method. • b. Write the characteristics of each image: • -real or virtual, • -larger, smaller or same size as object and • -upright or erect.

  19. No image is formed.

  20. THE LENS EQUATION The lens equation can be used to locate the image: Wheredois the object’s distance, diis the image distance and fis the focal length. The ratioMis called themagnification,hois the object’s size and hiis the image size.

  21. R radius of curvature + converging - diverging f focal length + converging - diverging do object distance + real object + real object di image distance + real images - virtual images ho object size + if upright - if inverted hi image size + if upright - if inverted

  22. 23.8 A 5 cm tall object is located 30 cm from a convex lens of 10 cm focal length. a. Find the location and nature of the image. do = 30 cm f = 10 cm = 15 cm, real ho = 5 cm b. What is the height of the image? = - 2.5 cm, inverted

  23. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION The incident angle that causes the refracted ray to lie right along the boundary of the substance is unique to the substance and is known as critical angle of the substance.

  24. Total internal reflectionis the phenomenon that involves the reflection of all the incident light off the boundary. It only takes place when both of the following two conditions are met: - the light is in the more dense medium and approaching the less dense medium. - the angle of incidence is greater than the so-called critical angle.

  25. Critical Angle n1 sin q1 =  n2 sin q2              =  n2 sin 90    sin q1  =  n2 / n1

  26. An example of TIR is when a beam of laser light is directed into a coiled plastic. The plastic served as a "light pipe," directing the light through the coils until it finally exited out the opposite end. Once the light entered the plastic, it was in the more dense medium. Every time the light approached the plastic-air boundary, it was approaching at angles greater than the critical angle. The two conditions necessary for TIR were met, and all of the incident light at the plastic-air boundary stayed internal to the plastic and underwent reflection.

  27. Other examples of Total Internal Reflection

  28. Example Find the critical angle for an air-crown glass boundary. ni= 1.52 nr= 1 = 41˚

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