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MIXTURES INVOLVING WATER

MIXTURES INVOLVING WATER. THREE TYPES SUSPENSIONS COLLOIDS SOLUTIONS. THE DIFFERENCE AMONG THESE IS THE SIZE OF THE PARTICLES OF THE SOLUTE. SUSPENSION. MIXTURE CONTAINING LARGE PARTICLES IN A SOLVENT PARTICLES WILL SETTLE OUT.

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MIXTURES INVOLVING WATER

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  1. MIXTURES INVOLVING WATER • THREE TYPES • SUSPENSIONS • COLLOIDS • SOLUTIONS

  2. THE DIFFERENCE AMONG THESE IS THE SIZE OF THE PARTICLES OF THE SOLUTE

  3. SUSPENSION • MIXTURE CONTAINING LARGE PARTICLES IN A SOLVENT • PARTICLES WILL SETTLE OUT

  4. PARTICLES REFLECT LIGHT WHEN A BEAM IS DIRECTED THROUGH THE MIXTURE (CALLED THE TYNDALL EFFECT) • EXAMPLE: MUDDY WATER

  5. COLLOID • MIXTURE OF MEDIUM SIZED PARTICLES IN A SOLVENT • PARTICLES WILL NOT SETTLE OUT • SHOWS THE TYNDALL EFFECT

  6. SOLUTIONS • MIXTURE OF SMALL PARTICLES (ATOMS, IONS, MOLECULES) IN A SOLVENT • PARTICLES WILL NOT SETTLE OUT • NO TYNDALL EFFECT

  7. SOLUTION TERMS • SOLUBLE – DOES DISSOLVE • INSOLUBLE – DOES NOT DISSOLVE • SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE – VERY LITTLE DISSOLVES

  8. AQUEOUS – WATER IS THE SOLVENT

  9. SOLUTION TERMS CONTINUED • MISCIBLE – LIQUIDS THAT CAN DISSOLVE EACH OTHER (EX. WATER AND ALCOHOL) • IMMISCIBLE – LIQUIDS THAT CANNOT DISSOLVE EACH OTHER (EX. OIL AND WATER)

  10. COMPLETELY MISCIBLE – LIQUIDS THAT CAN DISSOLVE EACH OTHER IN ANY AMOUNTS

  11. SATURATED SOLUTION • A SOLUTION THAT HAS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF SOLUTE DISSOLVED IN IT AT A GIVEN TEMPERATURE

  12. IF MORE SOLUTE IS ADDED, IT WILL NOT DISSOLVE (FALLS TO THE BOTTOM)

  13. UNSATURATED SOLUTION • A SOLUTION THAT HAS LESS THAN THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT IT CAN DISSOLVE AT A GIVEN TEMPERATURE

  14. SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION • A SOLUTION THAT HAS MORE SOLUTE DISSOLVED THAN IT SHOULD AT A GIVEN TEMPERATURE

  15. SOLUBILITY • THE AMOUNT OF A SUBSTANCE THAT CAN BE DISSOLVED IN 100 GRAMS OF SOLVENT TO MAKE A SATURATED SOLUTION AT A GIVEN TEMPERATURE

  16. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON SOLUBILITY • SOLUBILITY OF SOLIDS USUALLY INCREASES AS TEMPERATURE INCREASES • SOLUBILITY OF GASES DECREASES AS TEMPERATURE INCREASES

  17. CONCENTRATION • THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE DISSOLVED IN A GIVEN AMOUNT OF SOLUTION • MANY WAYS TO EXPRESS CONCENTRATION

  18. PERCENT BY MASS CONC (IN %) = (100%)_MASS OF SOLUTE MASS OF SOLUTION

  19. MASS OF SOLUTE MASS OF SOLUTE = (CONC)( MASS OF SOLN) 100%

  20. EXAMPLE 1 WHAT IS CONCENTRATION WHEN 5 GRAMS OF SALT IS DISSOLVED IN 95 GRAMS OF WATER? 5 g / (5 g + 95 g) = 5/100 = 0.05 = 5%

  21. EXAMPLE 2 WHAT IS CONCENTRATION WHEN 5 GRAMS OF SALT IS DISSOLVED IN 50 GRAMS OF WATER? 5 g / (5 g + 50 g) = 5 / 55 = 0.09 = 9%

  22. EXAMPLE 3 HOW MUCH SALT IS NEEDED TO MAKE 50 GRAMS OF 10% SOLUTION? = (10%)(50 g) / 100% = 500 g / 100 5 g

  23. EXAMPLE 4 HOW MUCH SALT IS NEEDED TO MAKE 250 GRAMS OF 7% SOLUTION = (7%)(250 g) / 100% = 1750 g / 100 17.5 g

  24. PARTS CONCENTRATION • DEFINED AS MASS OF SOLUTE / MASS OF SOLUTION • 1 g OF SOLUTE / 100 g OF SOLUTION IS 1 PART PER HUNDRED • EXPRESSED AS 1 pph

  25. PARTS ABBREVIATIONS • pph IS PARTS PER HUNDRED • ppth IS PARTS PER THOUSAND • ppm IS PARTS PER MILLION

  26. ppb IS PARTS PER BILLION • ppt IS PARTS PER TRILLION

  27. RELATING % AND PARTS CONCENTRATIONS 1% = 1/100

  28. EXAMPLE 5 EXPRESS THE CONCENTRATION OF AN 8% SOLUTION IN PPM 8% = 8/100 = 80,000/1,000,000 = 80,000 PPM

  29. EXAMPLE 6 EXPRESS 40% IN PPTH 40% = 40/100 = 400/1000 = 400 PPTH

  30. EXAMPLE 7 EXPRESS 20 PPH IN % 20 PPH = 20/100 = 20%

  31. EXAMPLE 8 EXPRESS 350 PPM IN % 350 PPM = 350/1,000,000 = 0.035/100 = 0.035 %

  32. CHEMICALS USED IN HOMES AND ON FARMS • FERTILIZERS • PESTICIDES • MANY ARE USED AS SOLUTIONS OR SUSPENSIONS

  33. PLANT NUTRIENTS • DIVIDED INTO MACRONUTRIENTS, SECONDARY NUTRIENTS, AND MICRONUTRIENTS • MAY BE IN THE SOIL BUT MAY NOT BE IN A FORM THAT PLANTS CAN USE

  34. MACRONUTRIENTS • ELEMENTS PLANTS NEED IN LARGE AMOUNTS • CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, & POTASSIUM

  35. CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN ARE READILY AVAILABLE FROM AIR AND WATER

  36. SECONDARY NUTRIENTS • ELEMENTS NEEDED IN MODERATE AMOUNTS • CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND SULFUR

  37. MICRONUTRIENTS • ELEMENTS NEEDED BY PLANTS IN SMALL AMOUNTS • BORON, CHLORINE, COBALT, COPPER, IRON, MANGANESE, SODIUM, MOLYBDENUM, & ZINC

  38. FERTILIZERS • SUBSTANCES USED TO ADD NUTRIENTS TO SOIL • MOST INCLUDE NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, & POTASSIUM

  39. MAY INCLUDE SOME SECONDARY & MICRONUTRIENTS

  40. FERTILIZERS CONTINUED • THESE NUTRIENTS ARE ABSORBED BY PLANTS AS IONS • FERTILIZERS MUST BREAK DOWN INTO USABLE IONS

  41. USABLE IONS • NITROGEN IS ABSORBED AS NH4+1 OR NO3-1 • PHOSPHORUS (ALSO CALLED PHOSPHATE) IS ABSORBED IN AS H2PO4-1

  42. POTASSIUM (ALSO CALLED POTASH) IS ABSORBED AS K+1

  43. NITROGEN SOURCES • SOURCES INCLUDE AMMONIACAL NITROGEN, NITRATES, AND UREA

  44. AMMONIACAL NITROGEN • MEANS THE AMMONIUM CATION (NH4+1) • USUALLY IS NH4NO3 OR (NH4)2SO4

  45. NITRATE • THE ANION NO3-1 • USUALLY IS NH4NO3 OR Ca(NO3)2

  46. UREA • H2NCONH2 • REACTS WITH WATER TO FORM NH4+1

  47. PHOSPHORUS SOURCES • SOURCES INCLUDE ROCK PHOSPHATE (NATURAL), SUPER PHOSPHATE, OR AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE

  48. ROCK PHOSPHATE IS Ca3(PO4)2 COMBINED WITH OTHER CALCIUM COMPOUNDS

  49. PHOSPHORUS SOURCES CONTINUED • SUPERPHOSPHATE IS Ca(H2PO4)2 MIXED WITH CaSO4 (ALSO CALLED GYPSUM) • AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE IS NH4H2PO4

  50. POTASSIUM SOURCES • POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (KCl), POTASSIUM SULFATE (K2SO4), POTASSIUM NITRATE (KNO3), & POTASSIUM MAGNESIUM SULFATE (KMgSO4)

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