Quality Human Resource & Scientific Development

1. Quality Human Resource & Scientific Development Uttam Pati Professor and Chairman Centre for Biotechnology Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 67 uttam@mail.jnu.ac.in

2. "Quality is the expression of human excellence." It is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy given needs.

3. Biotechnology is the main high technology driver affecting the health and life sciences industry today

4. The great challenge for biology in this century is to understand how each gene works individually and collectively to create a living organism

5. Emergence of new area

6. Medical Genetics Genetic Epidemiology Population Genetics Translational Research Tissue Engg Cell Engg Biomedical Engg Biochem Engg Fermentation Technology Downstream processing Stem cells Technology Protein Engg Nano machines Bioethics Intellectual Property Right Patents and law Biotechnology Nano technology Bioinformatics Genomics Proteomics Gene Expression Gene Silencing Chromatin Structure Molecular genetics Epigenetics Gene & Environment Medical Biotech Animal Biotech Plant Biotech Environment Biotech Biodiversity Vaccines Therapeutics Medical Diagnostics

8. The Growth of Industry Pharmaceutical and healthcare industry Food and drink industry Agriculture (and to a lesser extent forestry and fisheries) Environment (mainly through monitoring systems) Regulatory affairs and law enforcement (through forensic science) Information technology (through e.g. bioinformatics, telemedicine) Medical devices (especially biomaterials)

9. The Puzzling Genome

10. “You have to remember that the sequence is only the beginning. It creates far more questions than it answers - it doesn’t actually answer any biological questions at all. What it does is to provide a very finely honed set of tools for people to turn biological questions into molecular terms” John Sulston, Director of the Sanger Centre, Cambridge,

11. “The human genome is data, not knowledge, and would be useless until We understand what it means. The belief that we will put all this data into Computers and they will tell us the answers is ill founded” Sydney Brenner “Thomas Jefferson of Molecular Biology” Nobel Prize winner 2002

12. The raw data (DNA sequence data, or any data), often in the public domain, are virtually useless. Primary data analysis requires sophisticated computation by molecular biologists. There are neither enough computer competent molecular biologists (bio-informaticians) in the world to carry out the primary analysis nor enough molecular biologists to do the proteomics (gene to function). The data are meaningless in the absence of top quality biology and biologist.

13. most successful The USA Model

14. Creation of intelligent manpower

15. In the U.S., revenues in 2000 were $22.3 billion and R&D investment of the order of $10.7 billion(2001). Application areas for biotechnology include drug products and vaccines, medical diagnostic tests, biotechnology-based foods, environmental cleaning, industrial biotechnology and forensic science. In 2006, Industries alone spent $39 billion in R&D.

16. US companies lead the field in innovation, as evidenced by the fact that, of the 150 genetic engineering-based healthcare patents issued in the US in 1995, 122 (81 per cent) were to US companies. Only 11 were to EU companies.1999:380 Patents issued; US - 321 source: The US Biotechnology Industry. US Dept. of Commerce - Office of Technology Policy, Washington, Sept. 1997

17. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a private university, is one of the largest recipients of US government funds for R&D, has created 4,000 companies over the last 30-40 years. These companies have an annual turnover of $230 billion and employ 1.1 million people. Analysis: strong feedback loops (R&D programmes, tax incentives, patent laws etc.) joining government, universities and high technology industries.

18. The Indian Growth Education & Biotech Sector

19. 17500 5.7 Million 12th Grade Pass Number of colleges COLLEGES 8000 798 ? 1947 1950 1997 2005

20. 338 Number of Universities Japan 4000 229 UNIVERSITY 27 18 1947 1950 1997 2005

21. 40 National Research Laboratories in the country employ 15,000 scientists 700,000 post graduates & 1500 PhDs qualify in biosciences and engineering each year.

22. 17000 Medical Graduates/Yr Australia-530000 7700 Foreign Student 7000 Vocational School Pass 1500-Bioscience STUDENTS 5000 Science Ph.D 5000 ITI 800 Ph.D in Engg. 2005

23. 700000 Post-Graduates What do they do ? STUDENTS Australia 530000 1500 Bioscience 17000 Medical Graduates/Yr 5000 Science Ph.D 7700 Foreign Student 7000 Vocational School Pass 5000 ITI 800 Ph.D in Engg. 2005

24. Number is too low. Besides, their Future is not Planned. Low Critical Mass Low Quality

25. 520 Govt.’s Biotechnology Support Also TDF 300 In Million $ 150 87- 88 97 - 98 02 -03

26. 2002 • 150 BT companies in India • 75 per cent of these companies have been established in the last 5 years • 2002 revenue forecast for BT cos. is $150m • export revenues are forecast at $60m • VC funding has been modest at $20 million • Total investment to date by Biotech companies $100 million • Employment strength of scientific personnel the BT sector stands at 15,000

27. Projection

28. How Qualitative is our Scientific Manpower ?

29. “There are no Indian Institutions Which can be compared to the best Institutions in the advanced countries” (Prof CNR Rao) I.I.Sc ranks 251/500 in a world survey IITs rank 451/500 Global Creativity Index: 41st/45 Countries Talent: 44th Technology: 23rd

30. Decline in Students opting for Science Students entering science in India: 1.7% Korea: 23% China: 5.9% Malaysia: 3.3% UNDP Human Development Report 2001

31. UNESCO Science Report 14.7% CHINA INDIA 9% 4.1% 2.5% 1.9% 2.1% Scientific Researcher Scientific Publication Global RD Support

32. India in World’s 33% Diarraehal Diseases 25% Maternal Death 20%Nutritional Deficiencies 19% Diabetic 20% CVD 20% female cervical cancer 70% leprosy 2nd largest HIV 2nd largest Hepatitis B 13500 TB death /year 10% Physically disabled

33. Reasons for Low Creativity ?

34. Error in Vision ? When SS Bhatnagar started setting up ARIs totally independent Of Universities, the obvious negation of Nehru’s grand vision of science and technology had probably Not been foreseen.

35. How Incompetent is UGC ? The Failure of UGC to protect and enhance the University system Its lack of Visionfor Future Its negation to the idea Of Modernity

36. Are Indian Bureaucrats non-Scientific ? “The Bureaucracy is unbearable. We cannot have the Dept of Personnel in Delhi deciding on who is a good scientist and who is able to head an Institution” CNR Rao, Chairman PM’s Scientific Advisory Council

37. How much We should Blame our Government ? For Low Allocation on Education: 4.6% of GDP Lack of Scientific Infrastructure No Long Term Science policy 60% of Educational and RD Institutions are located in 6-8 states (revenge for non-alignment with Centre ?) 2004: All technological Innovation from Delhi, Bangalore and Hyderabad

38. Is It our Cultural Problem ? The lack of Philanthropy in our culture The Greedy Indian Industries who never contribute to society The absence of Private Universities such as Ivy Leagues in Western tradition An over all dishonesty factor (Two survey Declared India No.1 as Bribe Giver and Bribe taker) that is anti-creative & non - Scientific

39. How about An Eleven Points Agenda Popularizing- Science in Schools Modernizing- Undergraduate Science Program Designing- the employable future of Scientists Investing- heavily upon postdoctoral Research Creating- Instrumentation Facilities in each capitals Supporting- with core research grants to Universities Penalizing- Industries who don’t support on Research Tax incentives- to Industries who support Universities Incentives- to establish Private universities Heavy Incentives- to attract quality Researchers Increase in Critical Mass- simultaneously Linking to Quality

40. Thank You

42. Biotechnology is expected to offer investment opportunities of US$ 500 million during 2003. The growth is expected in the following areas: Area Growth Agri-Biotech 60% Diagnostic 25% Vaccines 15% Source: Study by CII • The Indian biotechnology market is expected to grow to US$ 204 million by 2003 and US$ 408 million by 2007.

43. THE INDIAN biotechnology industry is gaining momentum. With revenues of over $700 million (Rs. 3,265 crores) in 2003-04, the fledgling industry, despite all hurdles, is well on its way to cross the psychological barrier of $1 billion in the current year. It is poised to leverage its scientific skills and technical expertise to make a global impact from a strong innovation led platform.

44. There are. There are more than 300 college level educational and training institutes offering degrees and diplomas in biotechnology, bio-informatics and the biological sciences, producing nearly five lakh students annually. . Given this skilled resource pool, India is in a good position to create a sustainable biotechnology business. The sector is gradually building critical mass both in terms of infrastructure and markets.

46. Just a few statistics are adequate to establish the success of the Indian software industry. Software exports from India grew from Rs. 135 crores in 1990-91 to Rs. 2520 crores in 1995-96 and reached Rs. 36,500 crores in 2001-02 (Nasscom, 2002). The industry accounted for almost 2% of India’s Gross Domestic Product and 14% of India’s exports in 2000-01. Nasscom estimates that the employment provided by the IT services industry was about 522,000 by March 2002, of which 92,000 jobs were created in the year 2001- 02 (Nasscom, 2002).

47. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the government body to promote scientific research, has a network of 40 laboratories, 80 field stations and 22,000 trained personnel. Also India has 29 agriculture universities and 204 central and state universities.

48. Establish an institutionally defined, fixed training period of three to five years, with goals and milestones established by the mentor and trainee. Establish a regular annual or biannual review of training progress, and provide feedback to postdoctoral trainees and their mentors. Educate trainees about research employment opportunities in academia and industry, as well as nonresearch employment options such as careers in administration and management, science writing, patent law, and public policy. Provide access to a career-resource center for career counseling and workshops on curriculum vitae preparation and job-searching skills.

50. Biotech: an emerging need Indian contrext India and world HRP requiremement Indian universiyt and curriculum The design: :web site, post doctoral research Instrumentation facilities in capitals,data base and data mining Rules to bring industry into line No R&D The future