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Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

Module 5: Utilization of Biomass. Objectives. To be able to identify the woody biomass properties influencing utilization To be able to identify the three main conversion processes: bio-chemical, thermo-chemical and fiber composite manufacturing

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Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

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  1. Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  2. Objectives • To be able to identify the woody biomass properties influencing utilization • To be able to identify the three main conversion processes: bio-chemical, thermo-chemical and fiber composite manufacturing • To be able to identify and discuss the three general product types obtained from woody biomass conversion: energy, transportation fuel, and industrial products Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  3. Outline • Introduction • Overview • Wood processing residue • Properties influencing utilization • Conversion processes • Products • Energy Content • Ash Management

  4. Introduction Research and innovation is showing that the uses of woody biomass are only limited by our imagination. Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  5. Utilization Overview Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  6. Logging Residue • Unconsolidated • Comminuted • Bundled Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  7. Wood Processing Residue • Black Liquor • Sawdust • Bark Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  8. Other Sources of Woody Biomass • Energy plantations • Construction waste Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  9. Properties Influencing Utilization • Wood composition • Moisture content Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  10. Wood composition • Cellulose • Hemicellulose • Lignin • Minerals Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  11. Cellulose • Nearly half woody biomass • Abundant • Processed into products Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  12. Hemicellulose • 25%-35% • Abundant • Limited Use • Expensive Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  13. Lignin • Glue like substance • 15%-25% • Chemically complex Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  14. Principal Elements • Principal elements • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  15. Other Mineral Elements • Nitrogen • Sulfur • Chlorine • Heavy metals Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  16. Moisture Content • Wet vs dry biomass • Impacts conversion process • Drier = Higher Energy Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  17. Conversion Processes • Bio-chemical • Thermochemical • Fiber Composite Manufacturing Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  18. Biorefinery Concept Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  19. Bio-chemical • Aerobic digestion • Anaerobic digestion • Fermentation Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  20. Aerobic Digestion Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  21. Anaerobic Digestion Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  22. Fermentation Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  23. Thermochemical • Combustion • Gasification • Pyrolysis • Liquefaction • Hydrothermal Upgrading Process • Fischer-Tropsch Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  24. Combustion Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  25. Gasification Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  26. Pyrolysis Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  27. Liquefaction • Minutes vs Eons • High pressure • High Temperature • Increases H to C ratio Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  28. Hydrothermal Upgrading Process Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  29. Fischer-Tropsch • Germany • Early 20th Century • Complex Process • Multiple products • Multiple conversion processes Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  30. Fiber Composite Manufacturing • Strength • Density • Cost effective • Ex. OSB, Glulam, Ceramicrete Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  31. Products • Energy • Transportation Fuels • Industrial Products Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  32. Solar <1% Geothermal 5% Biomass 46% Wind 2% Hydroelectric 46% US Energy Supply(data for 2003) Source: AEO 2004 tables (released in December 2003) based on US energy consumption. Overall breakdown Table A1 (Total Energy Supply and Disposition), and Renewable breakdown Table A18 (Renewable Energy, Consumption by Section and Source). Slide courtesy Mile Pacheco, NREL, US-DOE. Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  33. Liquid Transportation Fuel • Ethanol • Methanol • Biodiesel Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  34. Ethanol • In 2005, ethanol displaced 170 million barrels of oil. • In 2005, ethanol lowered consumer gas prices by 8 cents per gallon. • In 2005, industry produced 4 billion gallons of ethanol. • In 2005, ethanol reduced green house gases by 8 million tons. • Beginning in 2007, Indy 500 cars will run on ethanol. • By 2012, ethanol may displace more than 2 billion barrels of oil. Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  35. Industrial Products • Chemicals • Bio-based products Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  36. Chemicals • Bio-based Acids • Bio-based Oils • Specialty Chemicals Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  37. Biobased Acids • Acetic acid • Fatty acids • Lactic acids Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  38. Biobased Oils • Raw liquefaction oil • Pyrolytic bio-oil Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  39. Specialty Chemicals • Enzymes • 3-HP • Syngas • Butanol • Glycerin Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  40. Biobased Products • Pellets • Char • Glass Aggregates • Polymers • Anaerobic Digestion Effluent • Bioplastics Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  41. Pellets • Uniform • Easy to handle • Easy to transport • Burn efficiently • Large market Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  42. Char • Solid • Usable byproduct • Energy • Filtration • Fertilizer Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  43. Origin Minerals in the woody biomass Soil contamination Properties Species Part of tree Type of waste Combination with other fuels Soil and climate Conditions of combustion Ash Content Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  44. Ash Management • Improves physical and chemical properties • Improves growing conditions for vegetation • Raises pH in acidic soils • Corrects nutrient deficiencies Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  45. Ash Recycling • Customize Product • Add select elements • Change physical properties • Spread by ground or air Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  46. Credits: Photo and Graphics Slide 5: Bob Rummer, USDA FS; Rien Visser, VT; John Deere Slide 6: Corbis Corporation; Department of Energy Slide 7: M.Ostry, Oregon State University; D. Moorehead, Forestry Images, www.forestryimages.net Slide 10: Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University Slide 11: Hasan Jameel, North Carolina State University Slide 12: Thorsten Dittmar, Florida State University Slide 15: Corbis Corporation Slide 16: Daniel Cassidy, USDA CSREES Slide 17: US Department of Energy Slide 26: www.walkinginla.com Slide 29: J.P. Bond, University of Georgia Slide 31: US Department of Energy Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

  47. Credits: Photo and Graphics Slide 36: Dr. David Gingrich Slide 37: Colgin, www.colgin.com Slide 38: Advanced Energy Research Corporation Slide 40: North Energy Associates, LTD. Slide 41: Corbis Corporation Slide 43: W.D. Weiprecht Module 5: Utilization of Biomass

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