Global and Regional Forest Land Tenure System In-depth review

1. Global and Regional Forest Land Tenure System In-depth review Don Gilmour, David Cassells, Tint Thaung Kunming, July 7 2010

2. CONTENTS • TRENDS • KEY ISSUES • PRINCIPLES • PROCESS

3. TRENDS • Significant and radical changes in forest tenure arrangement during past two decades • State ownership and management still dominate but • A significant move towards ownership, management rights to households, communities, indigenous groups and others

4. Figure 4-5. Change of forest ownership (1990-2005) 3500000.0 3000000.0 2500000.0 public 1990 2000000.0 public 2005 private 1990 1500000.0 private 2005 1000000.0 500000.0 0.0 World OWNERSHIP TREND

5. Figure 4-2. Ownership by region 2005 World Oceania South America North America Central America Caribbean Sum of Public Europe - Russia Sum of Private Europe Sum of Others Western and Central Asia South and South-east Asia East Asia Western and Central Africa Northern Africa Eastern and Southern Africa 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% OWNERSHIP

6. 1000000.0 900000.0 800000.0 700000.0 state 1990 600000.0 state 2005 individuals 1990 individuals 2005 500000.0 corporate 1990 corporate 2005 communities 1990 400000.0 communities 2005 300000.0 200000.0 100000.0 0.0 Africa Asia Europe North and Central South America Europe - Russia America MANAGEMENT TREND

7. KEY ISSUES • Overlap between customary and state defined area • Gender imbalance • Need investment of time and resources from key stakeholders • Fraught with many risks and uncertainties, and frequently leads to unintended consequences • Lack of Good governance that is critical to achieving forest management objectives • Lack of an enabling and enforcing regulatory framework • Complex compliance procedures • Technical complexity • Historical, Social, cultural, economic and political uniqueness of each country • Limited knowledge about rights and responsibilities of key stakeholders • EMERGING • Growing demand on SFM and legally traded timber • Multiple functions of the Forests particularly for Climate change mitigation

8. PRINCIPLES • Holistic approach • Tenure Security • Regulatory Framework • Compliance Procedure • Minimum standards for forest management • Customary rights and systems • Governance • Social equity • Capacity building • Adaptive action learning approach to forest tenure reform

9. WIDER APPROACH Governance Tenure Forest Management Objectives (e.g. SFM, economic development, improved livelihoods, rights of indigenous peoples, etc.) Regulatory Framework

10. KEY ELEMENTS OF PROCESS OF TENURE REFORM • Analyse contexts • Determine new or revised objectives for forest management in the contemporary political and development context • Consider tenure models to achieve forest management objectives • Revise/reform regulatory framework • Modify governance arrangements to support the reformed regulatory framework • Analyse regulatory framework applied to other sectors • Review implementation experiences • Support implementation of reformed tenure arrangements • Raise awareness of reformed tenure arrangements • Build capacity of key stakeholders

11. TAKE HOME NOTES • Forest Tenure Reform is a process not a static • Complex and diversifying tenure systems • Tenure reform has a human right perspective not only biophysical and economic • Learning by doing (Action research) and Adaptive Management • Part of a national development agenda (wider approach) • A key for the success of emerging REDD mechanism in climate change mitigation and adaptation