DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN RESEARCH AND SELECTION OF AN APPROPRIATE METHOD

1. DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN RESEARCHANDSELECTION OF AN APPROPRIATE METHOD

2. DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES - FREQUENCY - NATURAL HISTORY - POSSIBLE DETERMINANTS (HYPOTHESIS) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 OR MORE VARIABLES NOCOMPARISON GROUP NO ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION

3. CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES (SANP SHOT) FREQUENCY SURVEY PREVALENCE STUDY RECORD OUTCOME RECORD EXPOSURE ARTHRITIS >>> OBESITY? OBESITY >>> ARTHRITIS?

4. CASE-CONTROL STUDY THE OUTCOME RELATED TO THE EXPOSURE MISUNDERSTOOD BECAUSE OF THE DIRECTION RARE TAKE TIME TO DEVELOP

5. COHORT STUDIES WHAT IS A COHORT? TYPES OF COHORT? - CROSS-SECTIONAL - LONGITUDINAL - PROSPECTIVE - RETROSPECTIVE - COMBINED PROSPECTIVE-RETROSPECTIVE + EXPOSURE PRECEEDS OUTCOME + LESSER RECALL BIAS + INCIDENCE / RELATIVE RISK / ATTRIBUTABLE RISK -LONG DURATION -EXPENSIVE

6. R. C. T. RANDOMIZATION DELIBERATE PROCESS IT IS WHAT WE WANT NOT ANYTHING WE GET

7. REMEMBER… NOCOMPARISON GROUP NOASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION OUTCOME EXPOSURE OUTCOME related to PREVALENCE OF EXPOSURE ARTHRITIS >>> OBESITY OBESITY >>> ARTHRITIS

8. EVIDENCE FROM I LEAST ONE PROPERLY DESIGNED R. C. T. II-1 WELL-DESIGNED CONTROLLED TRIAL WITHOUT RANDIMIZATION II-2 WELL-DESIGNED COHORT /CASE-CONTROL STUDY (FROM > ONE RESEARCH) II-3 MULTIPLE TIME SERIES, WITH OR WITHOUT INTERVENTION OR CONTROLS III OPINIONS OF RESPECTED AUTHORIIES BASED ON EXPERIENCE, DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES, REPORTS, EXPERT COMMITTEES USPSTF

9. CASE STUDIES • CASE SERIES • OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES • ANALYTICAL STUDIES ECOLOGICAL / CORRELATIONAL CROSS-SECTIONAL / PREVALENCE CASE-CONTROL COHORT • EXPERIMENTAL R. C. T. FIELD TRIALS COMMUNITY TRIALS

10. OUTCOME MEASURES • RATE= EVENTS OCCURING PER UNIT TIME • RATIO= RELATIVE SIZE • PROPORTION= HOW MANY OUT OF HOW MANY

11. QUESTION - ANSWER

12. Q: RELATIONSHIP OF ASSOCIATION IS POSSIBLE WITH: A) DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES B) CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES C) CASE-CONTROL STUDIES

13. A: RELATIONSHIP OF ASSOCIATION IS POSSIBLE WITH: C) CASE-CONTROL STUDIES

14. Q: IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO MAKE CONCLUSIONS FROM STUDIES THAT HAVE NO COMPARISON GROUP. TRUE FALSE

15. A: IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO MAKE CONCLUSIONS FROM STUDIES THAT HAVE NO COMPARISON GROUP. FALSE

16. Q: Dr. GAUTAM ROY’S HYPOTHESIS: THE EARTH IS FLAT IS THAT A “GOOD” HYPOTHESIS? YES NO

17. A: Dr. GAUTAM ROY’S HYPOTHESIS: THE EARTH IS FLAT IS THAT A “GOOD” HYPOTHESIS? YES, IT IS!

18. Q: ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION IS POSSIBLE WITH: A) DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES B) CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES C) COHORT STUDIES

19. A: ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION IS POSSIBLE WITH: B) CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES

20. Q: CHOOSING THE LAST NUMBER FROM A WAD OF CURRENCY NOTES IN A WALLET IS A RANDOMIZED PROCESS. CORRECT NOT CORRECT

21. A: CHOOSING THE LAST NUMBER FROM A WAD OF CURRENCY NOTES IN A WALLET IS A RANDOMIZED PROCESS. NOT CORRECT

22. Q: Dr. Obgy AUSCULTATES ALL NEWBORNS IN THE LABOR ROOM AND RECORDS WHETHER V.S.D.+ OR V.S.D.– AT THE END OF ONE WEEK HE HAS SEEN 100 NEWBORNS OF WHICH 3 HAVE VSD.

23. Q: Dr. Obgy AUSCULTATES ALL NEWBORNS IN THE LABOR ROOM AND RECORDS WHETHER V.S.D.+ OR V.S.D.– AT THE END OF ONE WEEK HE HAS SEEN 100 NEWBORNS OF WHICH 3 HAVE VSD. IS THIS INCIDENCE? IS THIS PREVALENCE?

24. A: Dr. Obgy AUSCULTATES ALL NEWBORNS IN THE LABOR ROOM AND RECORDS V.S.D.+ OR V.S.D.– AT THE END OF ONE WEEK HE HAS SEEN 100 NEWBORNS OF WHICH 3 HAVE VSD. IT IS A PROPORTION

25. Q: IN A FACTORY, EVERY YEAR 4 MEN AND 6 WOMEN RESIGN FROM WORK. CALCULATE: RATE OF RESIGNATIONS RATIO OF MEN and WOMEN RESIGINING PROPORTION OF MEN and WOMEN RESIGING

26. A: IN A FACTORY, EVERY YEAR 4 MEN AND 6 WOMEN RESIGN FROM WORK. CALCULATE: RATE OF RESIGNATIONS = 10 PER YEAR RATIO OF MEN and WOMEN RESIGINING = 2:3 PROPORTION OF MEN and WOMEN RESIGING = CANNOT SAY

27. Q: DISTRIBUTING EARPLUGS TO ALL WORKERS IN A NOISY FACTORY IS AN EXAMPLE OF: NON-RANDIMIZED TRIAL FIELD TRIAL COMMUNITY TRIAL

28. A: DISTRIBUTING EARPLUGS TO ALL WORKERS IN A NOISY FACTORY IS AN EXAMPLE OF: COMMUNITY TRIAL