What will happen to the penis if the arteries within the penis dilate?

1. What will happen to the penis if the arteries within the penis dilate? • The male becomes impotent. • Nitric oxide ceases to be released, and the penis becomes flaccid. • The male attains an erection. • The male ejaculates.

2. On a warm day, why will the cremaster muscle be relaxed? • Normal sperm development depends on the testes being 1.1oC warmer than body temperature. • Healthy levels of testosterone are maintained by fluctuations of the cremaster muscle. • Normal sperm development depends on the testes being 1.1oC cooler than body temperature. • Both A and B are correct.

3. Which structures move with the testes during their descent from the abdomen? • testicular artery, spermatic cord, and seminal vesicles • ductus deferens, testicular artery, lymphatic vessels, and nerves • lymphatic vessels, gubernaculum testis, and a pocket of peritoneal cavity • testicular artery, spermatozoa, and semen

4. Which of the following is NOT a function of sustentacular cells? • a. maintaining the blood–testis barrier • b. promoting division of spermatogonia • c. producing androgens, particularly testosterone • d. regulating FSH and GnRH secretion

5. How is the generation of four sperm possible from one spermatogonium? • a. Meiosis I yields two haploid secondary spermatocytes, which go through meiosis II and become four haploid spermatids. • b. The spermatogonium divides four times during meiosis I. • c. The spermatogonium produces two primary spermatocytes, which then divide again in meiosis II. • d. Both A and C are correct.

6. Which layer of the uterus is sloughed off during menstruation? • a. myometrium • b. basilar zone of the endometrium • c. functional layer of the endometrium • d. perimetrium

7. What event occurs in the uterine cycle when the levels of estrogens and progesterone decline? • a. pregnancy • b. menarche • c. menses • d. menopause

8. What is the fate of the corpus luteum if fertilization does NOToccur? • It stimulates ovulation. • It initiates development of the tertiary follicle. • It secretes estrogen. • It disintegrates into a corpus albicans.

9. Oral contraceptives contain estrogen and progesterone. What effect does taking oral contraceptives have on the menstrual cycle? • a. inhibits menstruation • b. inhibits ovulation • c. inhibits PMS • d. inhibits follicular development

10. Why does the level of FSH rise and remain high during menopause? • Estrogen levels decline. • The ovaries no longer respond to FSH. • It is a result of increased LH levels. • It is because GnRH levels increase.

11. Which of the following is a function of the ovaries? a. producing an ovum monthly during the menses b. shedding the endometrial lining c. secreting inhibin, which controls FSH production d. supporting the developing embryo

12. How is an oocyte transported along the uterine tube? a. The fimbriae propel the ovum along the uterine tube. b. Ciliary movement “turns on” just before ovulation to propel the oocyte. c. Peristaltic contractions of the uterine tube propel the oocyte. d. Both B and C are correct.

13. Which of the following is true of oogenesis? • Oogonia complete their mitotic divisions before birth. • At puberty, a female has a renewing source of oogonia. • The oocyte is mature at ovulation. • Primary oocytes are halted in development at metaphase of meiosis II until puberty.

14. Why does oogenesis yield only one functional ovum? • When the primary oocyte divides, its counterpart remains in the outer layer of the ovary to maintain the supply of oocytes. • Oogenesis produces 2 or 3 polar bodies, which later disintegrate. • Cytoplasm is unevenly distributed during mitosis in the primary oocyte. • Both B and C are correct.

15. What changes are observed in the ovarian cycle if the LH surge does not occur? • Premature ovulation occurs, resulting in a mismatch of ovarian and uterine cycles. • No follicular development occurs. • Oogenesis does not occur. • Completion of meiosis I by the primary oocyte and ovulation will not occur.

16. Which of the following occurs during the process of spermiogenesis? • a. Spermatids differentiate into mature sperm. • b. Primary spermatocytes begin meiosis. • c. Primary spermatocytes give rise to secondary spermatocytes. • d. All of the above are correct.

17. An inability to contract the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles impedes which part(s) of the male sex act? • a. ejaculation • b. orgasm • c. erection • d. both A and B

18. What is a direct effect of low FSH secretion in males? a. Secretion of inhibin is promoted. b. The rate of sperm production decreases. c. His sex drive declines significantly. d. The pulses of GnRH from the hypothalamus develop the female pattern of release

19. When stem cells called spermatogonia divide, one differentiates into a primary spermatocyte. What happens to the second daughter cell? a. It undergoes atresia. b. It secretes testosterone. c. It continues through the layers of the seminiferous tubule without differentiating. d. It remains in the outer layer of the seminiferous tubule.

20. In the male reproductive system, the prostate gland releases an antibiotic called ________. This protects against urinary tract infections in the male. • a. fibrinogen • b. prostaglandins • c. fructose • d. seminalplasmin

21. What statement is true with regard to female anatomy? a. The uterus is superior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. b. The uterus is suspended by the broad ligament and attaches to the lateral body wall. c. The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease secondary to STDs is higher in females. d. All of the above occur.

22. If a male has his prepuce surgically removed, what has happened to him? • a. He will not be able to maintain an erection. • b. He will not be able to father children. • c. His prostate has been removed. • d. He has been circumcised.

23. What benefit does the acidic pH of the vagina provide? a. enhances sperm motility b. prevents mucus secretions c. maintains epithelial lining d. prevents bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections

24. Which statement is true with regard to spermatogenesis? a. Spermatogonia differentiate into four functional spermatozoa in a process called spermiogenesis. b. The spermatozoa become motile when they are within the epididymis. c. Upon conclusion of spermatogenesis, four mature gametes are produced. d. Neither FSH nor testosterone are required for normal sperm production.

25. Which scenario results in females if GnRH is absent or it is secreted as a constant rate, rather than in pulses? a. The gonadotropes preferentially respond to FSH. b. FSH and LH secretion stops within hours. c. The gonadotropes preferentially respond to LH. d. Body hair and fat distribution changes to that of a male.

26. What effect does blockage of both uterine tubes by scar tissue (resulting from an STD) have on a woman’s ability to conceive? • It is easier for her to conceive. • She becomes sterile. • She is likely to have low-birth-weight babies. • There is no effect on conception.