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POWER ELECTRONICS

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. The Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Electrical Engineering Department. POWER ELECTRONICS. EELE 5450 — Fall 2009-2010. Instructor: Eng.Moayed N. EL Mobaied. Lecture 29. Power switches. Power Semiconductor Devices.

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POWER ELECTRONICS

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  1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم The Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Electrical Engineering Department POWER ELECTRONICS EELE 5450— Fall 2009-2010 Instructor: Eng.Moayed N. EL Mobaied Lecture 29

  2. Power switches

  3. Power Semiconductor Devices Power devices are the key elements of a power converter. The commonly used devices are: (1) Power Diode (2) Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) or Thyristor (3) Gate Turn-off Thyristor (GTO) (4) Power Bipolar Junction Transistor (Power BJT) (5) Power Metal-Oxide Field-Effect Transistor (Power MOSFET) (6) Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) (7) Gate controlled thyristors (IGCT).

  4. C (collector) IC B (base) + VCE _ IB E (emitter) Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) • Ratings: Voltage: VCE<1000, Current: IC<400A. Switching frequency up to 5kHz. Low on-state voltage: VCE(sat) : 2-3V • Low current gain (b<10). Need high base current to obtain reasonable IC . • Expensive and complex base drive circuit. Hence not popular in new products.

  5. D (drain) ID G (gate) + VDS _ + VGS _ S (source) Mosfet • Ratings: Voltage VDS<500V, current IDS<300A. Frequency f >100KHz. For some low power devices (few hundred watts) may go up to MHz range. • Turning on and off is very simple. • To turn on: VGS =+15V • To turn off: VGS =0 V and 0V to turn off. • Gate drive circuit is simple

  6. C (collector) IC + VCE _ G (gate) + VGE _ E (emitter) IGBT: symbol Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) • Combination of BJT and MOSFET characteristics. • Gate behaviour similar to MOSFET - easy to turn on and off. • Low losses like BJT due to low on-state Collector-Emitter voltage (2-3V). • Ratings: Voltage: VCE<3.3kV, Current,: IC<1.2kA currently available. Latest: HVIGBT 4.5kV/1.2kA. • Switching frequency up to 100KHz. Typical applications: 20-50KHz.

  7. A (Anode) Ia + Vak _ Ig K (Cathode) GTO: Symbol Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) • Behave like normal thyristor, but can be turned off using gate signal • However turning off is difficult. Need very large reverse gate current (normally 1/5 of anode current). • Gate drive design is very difficult due to very large reverse gate current at turn off. • Ratings: Highest power ratings switch: Voltage:Vak<5kV; Current: Ia<5kA. Frequency<5KHz. • Very stiff competition: • Low end-from IGBT. High end from IGCT

  8. Ia + Vak _ IGCT Ig K (Cathode) Insulated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) • Among the latest Power Switches. • Conducts like normal thyristor (latching), but can be turned off using gate signal, similar to IGBT turn off; 20V is sufficent. • Power switch is integrated with the gate-drive unit. • Ratings: • Voltage: Vak<6.5kV; Current: Ia<4kA. Frequency<1KHz. Currently 10kV device is being developed. • Very low on state voltage: 2.7V for 4kA device

  9. 1GW Thyristor 10MW GTO/IGCT 10MW 1MW IGBT 100kW 10kW MOSFET 1kW 100W 10MHz 100kHz 1MHz 10Hz 1kHz Power Switches: Power Ratings

  10. Switches comparisons (2003)

  11. Drivers and Snubbers

  12. Driver circuit (Base / gate) • Interface between control (low power electronics) and (high power) switch. • Functions: – amplifies control signal to a level required to drive power switch – provides electrical isolation between power switch and logic level • Complexity of driver varies markedly among switches. MOSFET/IGBT drivers are simple but GTO drivers are very complicated and expensive.

  13. ELECTRICAL ISOLATION FOR DRIVERS • Isolation is required to prevent damages on the high power switch to propagate back to low power electronics. • Normally opto-coupler (shown below) or high frequency magnetic materials (as shown in the thyristor case) are used. • Many standard driver chips have built-in isolation. For example TLP 250 from Toshiba, HP 3150 from Hewlett-Packard uses opto-coupling isolation.

  14. ELECTRICAL ISOLATION FOR DRIVERS • Power semiconductor devices can be categorized into 3 types based on their control input requirements: • Current-driven devices – BJTs, MDs, GTOs • Voltage-driven devices – MOSFETs, IGBTs, MCTs • Pulse-driven devices – SCRs, TRIACs

  15. CURRENT DRIVEN DEVICES (BJT) • Power BJT devices have low current gain due to constructional consideration, leading current than would normally be expected for a given load or collector current. • The main problem with this circuit is the slow turn-off time.

  16. ELECTRICALLY ISOLATED DRIVE CIRCUITS

  17. EXAMPLE : GATE DRIVE FOR THYRISTORS • Pulse transformer is used for isolation. R1is to limit the gate current • Normally a pulse with length 10us with amplitude of 50mA is sufficient to turn-on the thyristors. It is quite common to fire the thyristors with successive pulses to ensure proper turn-on. • It is not possible to turn-offa thyristor with the above circuit

  18. SIMPLE MOSFET GATE DRIVER • Note: MOSFET requires VGS =+15V for turn on and 0V to turn off. LM311 is a simple amp with open collector output Q1. • When B1 is high, Q1 conducts. VGS is pulled to ground. MOSFET is off. • When B1 is low, Q1 will be off. VGS is pulled to VGG. If VGG is set to +15V, the MOSFET turns on.

  19. RCD SNUBBERS • In general, snubbers are used for: – turn-on:to minimize large overcurrents through the device at turn-on – turn-off:to minimize large overvoltages across the device during turn- off. – Stress reduction: to shape the device switching waveform such that the voltage and current associated with the device are not high simultaneously.

  20. Heatsink

  21. Heat Removal Mechanism SCR (hokey-puck-type) on power pak kits Fin-type Heat Sink SCR (stud-type) on air-cooled kits Assembly of power converters

  22. Heat Removal Mechanism SCR (stud-type) on air-cooled kits Assembly of power converters SCR (stud-type) on air-cooled kits Assembly of power converters

  23. Applications

  24. Static Application: DC Power Supply AC voltage DC-DC DIODE FILTER LOAD CONVERTER RECTIFIER AC LINE VOLTAGE V control F F (1 or 3 ) (derived from feedback circuit) Static Application: DC Power Supply

  25. Drive Application: Air-Conditioning System

  26. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

  27. Powering Automotive System

  28. Motor Drive System

  29. Motor Drive System End of Lecture

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