Chapter 19

1. Chapter 19 • After 1850, nationalism became a real political force motivating practical policies as it pushed peoples to national unification and the creation of nation states, in the process tearing multi-national empires apart and even precipitating civil war. • Nationalism • Political Realism

2. Chapter 19 • Independent Italian states were brought together into a unified nation once Cavour became committed to the cause of Italian unification, laying the groundwork for the meeting between the Piedmontese army and Garibaldi’s troops in 1860.

3. The Drive for Italian Unification • Cavour • Piedmont’s Leadership • War with Austria • Garibaldi • Kingdom of Italy

4. Chapter 19 • In 1850, the Germanic Confederation, dominated by Austria, did not constitute a unified nation; a unified Germany would only appear in 1871 with the creation of the German empire unified around Prussian leadership thanks to Bismarck.

5. Germany “By Blood and Iron” • Prussian Leadership • Bismarck • Wars for Unification • Austro-Prussian War • Franco-Prussian War

6. Chapter 19 • Even as the United States strengthened politically and expanded territorially, growing regional differences led to a bloody civil war which reestablished national unity and government, at the same time as Canadian territories demanded to be a single nation.

7. The Fight for National Unity in North America • The United States • North-South Divisions • Slavery • The Civil War • Canada

8. Chapter 19 • The political force of nationalism pulled the multi-ethnic Austrian empire apart and caused subject nations in the Ottoman empire to revolt.

9. Divided Authority in the Austrian and Ottoman Empires • Austria • Austria-Hungary, 1867 • The Ottoman Empire • Balkan Nationalism

10. Chapter 19 • By channeling nationalism into statebuilding, French and Russian rulers reached out to citizens for support, exchanging reform, social peace, and the idea of national greatness for support of the nation and its leaders.

11. Using Nationalism in France and Russia • Napoleon III and the Second Empire • Napoleon III • Fall of Napoleon III • Alexander II and Russia • Russia’s Autocracy • Crimean War • Alexander II’s “Great Reforms”

12. Chapter 20 • As democratic reform increased the importance of public opinion, it became necessary for Western politicians to appeal to the newly enfranchised public, made more aware through public education, popular journalism, and political campaigns.

13. Demands for Democracy • Public Education • Popular Journalism • Political Campaigns • Liberal Democracy in Western Europe • Reform Bills of 1867 and 1884 • France’s Third Republic • The Paris Commune • Spread of Democratic Institutions

14. Demands for Democracy • For and Against Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe • Germany Under Bismarck • Conflict with Catholic Church • Conflict with Socialists • Nationalistic • Discontent in Austria • Radical Action in Russia • Reaction Under Alexander III

15. Chapter 20 • The democratization of politics led some past liberal and conservative ideas, as new groups, ranging from anarchists on the far left to ultra-nationalists on the far right, emerged to challenge established political ideas.

16. Insiders and Outsiders: Politics of the Extremes • The Spread of Unions • Strikes • Socialism Gains Strength • The First international • The Fabians • Britain’s Labour Party • France and Jaure’s • German Social Democrats • Anarchism: Freedom from All Authority • Bakunin

17. Insiders and Outsiders: Politics of the Extremes • Anti-Semitism and Ultranationalism • The Dreyfus Affair • Central and Eastern Europe • Zionism • Still Outsiders: Women, Feminism, and the Right to Vote • Political Activism • Suffrage Movements

18. Chapter 20 • Around the Middle of the nineteenth century, European migrants traveled around the globe in search of a better life. • Leaving Europe • Causes for the Migration

19. Chapter 20 • This emigration of individuals was accompanied by the expansion of Western powers into the non-Western world, especially Asia and Africa, during the 1880s.

20. The New Imperialism: The Race for Africa and Asia • Money and Glory • Economic Causes • Politics of Imperialism • Nationalism and Imperialism • Justification • Opposition to Imperialiam • The Tools of Conquest • Transportation Facilities • Force • Medicine • Patterns of Conquest

21. The New Imperialism: The Race for Africa and Asia • The Scramble for Africa • North Africa • Sub-Saharan Africa • Boer War • Dominance, Conflict, and Consequences • Establishing Control in Asia • India • Southeast Asia • China • Opium Wars • Taiping Rebellion

22. The New Imperialism: The Race for Africa and Asia • Philippines • Boxer Rebellion • Japan • The Meiji Restoration • Russo-Japanese War • The Legacy of Imperialism

23. Chapter 21 • Industrialization spread to western and central Europe and North America, as new inventions and scientific discoveries made those that had earlier turned Britain into the first industrial nation obsolete.

24. The Second Industrial Revolution • Steel Leads the Way • Chemicals • Electricity and Petroleum • New Transportation and Communication Networks • Railroad Building • Internal Combustion Engine • Telegraph and Telephone • The Birth of Big Business • Monopolies

25. The Second Industrial Revolution • The Lure of Shopping • Department Stores • Winners and Losers in the Race for Wealth • Western and Non-Western Worlds • New Wealth • Hard Times

26. Chapter 21 • As Europe’s population expanded, a majority now made their homes in the cities, leading many rural villages to decline. • Rebuilding Cities • Sewers and Subways

27. Chapter 21 • The urban population, now divided into distinct social classes, continued to live in close proximity but also in very different conditions. • On Top of it All: The Urban Elite

28. City People • Pride and Success: the “Solid” Middle Class • Women and Work • Values • Hard Working and Hopeful: The Lower-Middle Class • Social Mobility • The “Other Half”: The Working Classes • What to Do About “Them”

29. Chapter 21 • New forms of recreation and sports were enjoyed by many urban residents, while other New forms of leisure, such as travel, were only available to members of certain social classes. • Building Character Through Athletics • The New Tourist

30. Chapter 21 • As spheres outside the public arena and its increasing tempo of daily life, the family and the home became places of refuge and sources of comfort, while the self became a matter of intense introspection. • Family: The Promise of Happiness • Recording Private Life

31. Private Life: Together and Alone at Home • A Home of One’s Own • Servants • Women’s Roles • Poor Housing • Working-Class Women • Intimacy and Morality • Victorian Morality

32. Private Life: Together and Alone at Home • Sexual Realities • Birth Control • New Attitudes • Psychic Stress and Alcoholism

33. Chapter 21 • Many people believed science would find solutions to the problems plaguing humans, and, indeed, scientists made discoveries that translated into advances in industry and medicine, while intellectuals and artists tried to explain the changing world.

34. Science, Evolution, and Religion Darwin Controversy Social Darwinists Darwinism and Religion Mysteries of the Material and Human World Physics and Chemistry Psychology Sociology History Science in an Age of Optimism

35. Science in an Age of Optimism • Germs, Cures, and Health Care • Pasteur and Germ Theory • Remedies • Surgery • Nursing

36. Chapter 21 • As writers and artists more closely observed the contemporary world, their works reflected the realities of urban life and science. • Realism and Naturalism: The Details of Social Life • Literature • Art • Impressionism: Celebrating Modern Life • Monet

37. Chapter 21 • Intellectuals, writers, and artists undermined the optimism of the period by injecting pessimism into their works and emphasizing the irrational forces guiding human behavior.

38. From Optimism to Uncertainty • Everything is Relative • Einstein • Sex, Conflict, and the Unconscious • Freud an Psychoanalysis • Fear and Social Disintegration • Durkheim

39. From Optimism to Uncertainty • Disenchantment Sets In • Nietzsche • Bergson • Art Turns Inward • Expressionism • Music