Intro to Communication

1. Intro to Communication AK/SOSC 2410 9.0/6.0 Summer 2006 Course Director: Pierre Ouellet www.atkinson.yorku.ca/~sosc2410/

2. Historical Origins of Mass Communication Research III Media, Nation and Identity

3. The social and cultural impact of mass media in Canada We might begin by considering the introduction of any mass medium according to McLuhan�s four laws of the media, namely in terms of: 1. What it enhances or extends? 2. What it displaces or renders obsolete? 3. What it retrieves that was previously obsolete? 4. What it produces when pressed to the extreme? We should also consider the implications of mass media in terms of their space-bias and time-bias characteristics, in keeping with Innis.

4. Historical Origins of Mass Communication Research Lecture Outline mass media today: trends, identity and representation; regulation, government policy and the mass media; mass media and identity.

5. Canadian Mass Media Today Technological Infrastructure - only 3 cities with over 1,000,000 inhabitants 5,600 broadcast operations- 2,000 cable systems - through mergers this is fast disappearing 97% of the homes have television and cable - i.e. access to specialty channels, etc. 800 originating radio stations -137 originating television stations Viewing Patterns 1995 - average 2 days a week of watching television or listening to radio heavy use of audiovisual media 24 hrs a week in front of television appears to remain a static figure - i.e., as there is a proliferation of channels - the usage remains constant during any week, the viewer can choose from 2,500 hrs of programming - this is a 1/100 ratio - ten years earlier, the choice was half Newspapers and Periodicals 100 cities in Canada have their own daily newspaper - results in market fragmentation - only the Globe and Mail and The Financial Post have a national edition and are distributed across the country - Globe is not well read outside of Toronto Globe has 6 printing presses across the country linked by Anik satellite since the fall of 1980 1,100 community newspapers which appear once or twice a week - total of 26 languages 1,000 periodicals - 800 in English - 150 in French - 40 are bilingual - 50 are in other languages - 26 or more of these, 350 are consumer magazinesTechnological Infrastructure - only 3 cities with over 1,000,000 inhabitants 5,600 broadcast operations- 2,000 cable systems - through mergers this is fast disappearing 97% of the homes have television and cable - i.e. access to specialty channels, etc. 800 originating radio stations -137 originating television stations Viewing Patterns 1995 - average 2 days a week of watching television or listening to radio heavy use of audiovisual media 24 hrs a week in front of television appears to remain a static figure - i.e., as there is a proliferation of channels - the usage remains constant during any week, the viewer can choose from 2,500 hrs of programming - this is a 1/100 ratio - ten years earlier, the choice was half Newspapers and Periodicals 100 cities in Canada have their own daily newspaper - results in market fragmentation - only the Globe and Mail and The Financial Post have a national edition and are distributed across the country - Globe is not well read outside of Toronto Globe has 6 printing presses across the country linked by Anik satellite since the fall of 1980 1,100 community newspapers which appear once or twice a week - total of 26 languages 1,000 periodicals - 800 in English - 150 in French - 40 are bilingual - 50 are in other languages - 26 or more of these, 350 are consumer magazines

6. Canadian Magazine Circulation

9. Book Publishing in Canada

10. Radio Today - The Ubiquitous Medium 608 commercial AM, FM and digital stations 99 CBC/SRC; 131 campus and community stations; accessible anywhere � in more than 99% of homes and 90% of cars; average listening is 22 hrs a week; 80% of listeners turn on the radio every day.

11. Radio Today - The Ubiquitous Medium

12. Measuring Radio - BBM and Audience Measurement

13. Canadians and Television Choices 2 national private networks � CTV and CanWest Global; 1 national English-language public network � CBC; 1 national French-language public network � SRC; 2 French-language networks � TQS and TVA; 47 Analog specialty services � TSN � Prime - Much Music; More than 300 digital specialty channels - TVland � CTV travel � Pride TV; 12 Pay-per-view services (PPV) � Viewer�s Choice � Vu; 9 video on demand channels (VOD) services - Rogers.

14. Canadian Cable Operators Company Subscribers Rogers 2,300,000 Shaw 2,100,000 Videotron (Quebecor) 1,500,000 Cogeco 878,000 (CRTC 2003) 76% of Canadian homes are wired for cable (BBM).

15. Digital and Specialty Channels Channel Subscribers (millions) Company

16. What�s Next?Concentration of ownership and media convergences in the global era. Based on the previous descriptions of patterns of ownership of Canadian media companies, it is relatively obvious that the trends towards concentration of ownership continue in Canada, promoted in part by neo-liberal market agendas and by the forces of globalization seeking the privatization of public assets and resources. The three most prominent problems associated with concentration of ownership are: Loss of diversity of opinions through the erosion and closure of the public sphere; Loss or market competition which, in turn, increases the cost of services and products and delays innovation; Lack of access for those at the social margin, including visible minorities and those without economic or political power.

17. Media Convergences For their part, media convergences can be seen to occur on three distinct levels simultaneously, in terms of technology, content and economics. 1- At the level technology, media corporations and content providers seek to expand on the use of existing technologies to deliver different services to customers. Examples would be audio and video streaming (of radio and television/film content) on the internet and VoIP (telephone on internet). 2- In terms of content, the replication of news and other information on different media, such as CanWest�s use of television, newspapers and internet to display the same news content is an example to convergence applied to content in the mass media. 3- From an economic perspective, economies of scale and production are seen as the benefits of media convergence. In other words, by producing the news for several distinct media outlets at once from a central editorial location, CanWest Global can reduce the costs of producing news information in order to maximize profits from all its news-related operations

18. Media Regulations in Canada

19. Nationalism and Regulation of the Canadian Cultural Industries In the most general terms, the Canadian government has always taken an active role in the debates and discourses which serve to frame issues of national identity and sovereignty in terms of social and cultural practices. The mechanisms for these interventions have been, for the most part, in the form of Task Forces, Standing Committees and Royal Commissions whose findings have served to inform public policy and further debate. Some of these are:

20. Nationalism and Regulation of the Canadian Cultural Industries 1929: Aird Commission on Radio 1949: Royal Commission on National Development in Arts, Letters �and Science (Massey-Levesque Commission) 1955: Fowler Commission on Broadcasting 1969: Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism 1968: The Broadcasting Act (introduces the CRTC) 1969: Official Languages Act 1982: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1986: Federal Employment Equity Act 1988: Canadian Multiculturalism Act 1991: Broadcasting Act Canada's "cultural policy" is actually the sum of various policy initiatives created by legislation, regulations, program support and tax measures. The main government body responsible for Canadian cultural policies is the Department of Canadian Heritage. Heritage's mission is to promote: the creation and dissemination of diverse Canadian cultural works, stories and symbols? access to and participation in Canada's cultural life? connections among Canadians and deeper understanding across diverse communities? understanding of the rights and responsibilities of shared citizenship and opportunities to participate in Canada's civic life source � 2006 Media Awareness Network Task force, Standing Committee, Royal Commissions ? Made up of elected representatives and/or �experts� ? May be familiar with the area under question ? Who conduct further research ? Make recommendations to government as to choices ? May/may not be open to public consultations (hearings) Canada's "cultural policy" is actually the sum of various policy initiatives created by legislation, regulations, program support and tax measures. The main government body responsible for Canadian cultural policies is the Department of Canadian Heritage. Heritage's mission is to promote: the creation and dissemination of diverse Canadian cultural works, stories and symbols? access to and participation in Canada's cultural life? connections among Canadians and deeper understanding across diverse communities? understanding of the rights and responsibilities of shared citizenship and opportunities to participate in Canada's civic life source � 2006 Media Awareness Network Task force, Standing Committee, Royal Commissions ? Made up of elected representatives and/or �experts� ? May be familiar with the area under question ? Who conduct further research ? Make recommendations to government as to choices ? May/may not be open to public consultations (hearings)

21. Protecting Canadian Magazines � Foreign Publishers Advertising Services Act � Bill C-55 American magazines can only sell 18% of their space to Canadian advertisers Amendments to the Income Tax Act in 2000 Allows for 50% tax deduction if magazine features more than 20% foreign content and 100% if magazine features more than 80% Canadian content. Foreign purchase of Canadian publishing firms is not allowed New Canadian magazines with foreign ownership must be reviewed by the Investment Canada Act Postal Assistance Program (PAP) helps offset the costs of distribution by mail The Canadian Magazine Fund (CMF) offers support in marketing, distribution and professional development.

22. Regulating Newspapers 1970 � Senate Committee on the status of the mass media in Canada � headed by Senator Keith Davey � proposed the creation of a press ownership review board to monitor ownership changes and mergers. The recommendations were never implemented. 1981 - The Kent Commission into Newspaper Ownership in Canada � brought about by the closing of the Ottawa Journal (Thompson) and Winnipeg Tribune (Southam) on the same day in August 1980. Recommendations: No owner could control more than 5% Of Canada�s total newspaper circulation; No owner could own more than five newspapers; No owner could own more than one newspaper within a 500 mile radius; To reduce concentration of ownership, existing chains would be made to divest themselves of some of their holdings. In 1984, the newspaper law being debated in Parliament died as the result of an the upcoming election. The debate was not resumed.

23. Thoughts and Questions Why are there no regulations on newspaper ownership? And why are there regulations as well as incentives for magazine ownership? Why are radio and television regulated both in terms of structure and of content?

24. Regulating Access and Regulating Content � The CRTC Canadian broadcasting policy is defined by Section 3 of the Broadcasting Act, which stipulates that: ��radio frequencies are public property;? ��broadcast programming provides a public service essential to national identity and cultural sovereignty; � the Canadian broadcasting system should provide a wide range of programming that reflects Canadian attitudes, opinions, ideas, values and artistic creativity, by displaying Canadian talent in entertainment programming.

25. Basic Objectives of Canadian Content Rules Promote Canadian programming; Promote diversity � variety of sources � allow new voices to be heard; Provide balanced view for matters of public concern; Provide programming that is relevant of local communities and reflects local interests, values and concerns; When possible, to reflect the bilingual nature of Canada; Reflect Canada�s multicultural diversity, including aboriginal people; Strengthen the cultural industries in Canada by providing them with economic incentives for production and distribution. In face of the concern over concentration of ownership, foreign acquisition of Canadian media outlets and the influx of foreign-produced cultural products, such as music, film and literature, the Canadian government acted on recommendations from and imposed quotas on the amount of Canadian Content required to obtain and maintain a broadcast license in Canada. The actual content requirement was designed by Stan Klees of RPM magazine and divided into four categories which constituted the MAPL standard. Music Artist Producer Lyric The resulting Canadian content rules, which came to be known as "Cancon," were devised to stimulate Canada's cultural production by ensuring greater exposure for Canadian artists in Canada's marketplacesIn face of the concern over concentration of ownership, foreign acquisition of Canadian media outlets and the influx of foreign-produced cultural products, such as music, film and literature, the Canadian government acted on recommendations from and imposed quotas on the amount of Canadian Content required to obtain and maintain a broadcast license in Canada. The actual content requirement was designed by Stan Klees of RPM magazine and divided into four categories which constituted the MAPL standard. Music Artist Producer Lyric The resulting Canadian content rules, which came to be known as "Cancon," were devised to stimulate Canada's cultural production by ensuring greater exposure for Canadian artists in Canada's marketplaces

26. Radio Ownership Rules Prior to 1998, media companies could only own 1 AM and 1 FM station in any market; Now, the rules have been eased to allow ownership of up to 3 stations per market; The argument which supports this concentration of ownership is economic in nature, claiming that in the 1990s, radio stations across Canada lost 180,000,000$.

27. Current CanCon Radio Rules Under the Commercial Radio Policy, 35 per cent of all music aired each week on all AM and FM stations must be Canadian. In addition, 35 per cent of music broadcast between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. Monday through Friday must consist of Canadian content (CanCon). French-language radio stations are required to ensure that 65 per cent of the vocal music they broadcast each week, and 55 per cent of vocal music broadcast between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. Monday through Friday, is in the French language. Seven per cent of music aired on ethnic radio stations each week must be Canadian.

28. Arguments Against Regulation Neo-liberal ideology is against any government regulation; Belief in the ability of the market to self-regulate; Artificial and non-essential identity formation; Technological nationalism � structure and ideology; The impact of technological change � the case of satellite radio.

29. Early Canadian Television First broadcasts from Montreal � September 6, 1952 � CBFT Toronto � September 18, 1952 � CBLT Vancouver � Sudbury � Ottawa � 1953 Winnipeg � Halifax � 1954 The first broadcasts only lasted a few hours a day; they were a mix of American and Canadian programming and emulated the popular formats of radio. Hockey Night in Canada, while a mainstay of radio where it had begun broadcasting in 1933, was first seen on television on October 11, 1952. http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/hnic/index_trad.html By 1954, more than a million television sets had been sold in Canada; By 1958, the CBC network extended from coast to coast; In 1961, then first commercial license was granted to CTV, who became the first private broadcaster in Canada.

30. Regulations and Government Policy � As previously mentioned, the CRTC (Canadian Radio Television and Telecommunications Commission) is the federal regulator for the airwaves in Canada. CRTC policies on Canadian Content were revised in 1998. Canadian stations are required to play 60% CanCon overall with 50% during peak viewing times (7-11pm). This CanCon includes priority programming such as Canadian-produced entertainment magazines, documentaries, dramas and comedies produced regionally whenever possible. Much like in the US, the majority of the CanCon is produced by independent production companies, like Nelvana, Alliance-Atlantis and Salter Street. http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/welcome.htm

31. Industry Standards and Other �Concerned� Interests While the CRTC focuses primarily on Canadian Content in terms of production and artistic contributions to programming, under a complex quota system, the actual types of representations and narratives seen on television fall under the voluntary compliance of the CAB, the Canadian Association of Broadcasters. � According to their website, The CAB is the national voice of Canada's private broadcasters, representing the vast majority of Canadian programming services, including private radio and television stations, networks, and specialty, pay and pay-per-view services. http://www.cab-acr.ca/english/default.shtm In order to better appreciate CAB�s guidelines and policies, we might first look at government�s concerns with social relations as these have been studied through Royal Commissions and Task Forces since the early 1960s in Canada. Gender 1967: Royal Commission on the Status of Women) Race and Ethnicity 1969 Royal commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism) 1971: Race Relations Unit Canadian Race Relations Foundation Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) Social Class? (Inequality, poverty) 2.1 What Do Canadians Want from Television? What do Canadians want from television � a deceivingly easy question; the answer is almost trite: Canadians want to be entertained, informed and enlightened. They want choice. They want a broad range of diverse programming � from television that provokes them to think, to television that lets them turn their brains off for a while. They want to know what's happening next door, and they want to know what's happening on the other side of the world. They want to laugh; they want to be challenged; they want to learn something they never knew before. They want programming that interests them, teaches them, or just engages them, at times that are convenient, and without having to work too hard at it. Canadians don't really care how many jobs the system creates They don't care whether there is a certain percentage of Canadian required during specific day parts, or how much was spent on creating their favourite programs, or who produces it. They just want to tune in to something that interests, informs or entertains them. Ultimately, the business of television broadcasting is about meeting this demand, and doing it in a way that makes business sense In order to better appreciate CAB�s guidelines and policies, we might first look at government�s concerns with social relations as these have been studied through Royal Commissions and Task Forces since the early 1960s in Canada. Gender 1967: Royal Commission on the Status of Women) Race and Ethnicity 1969 Royal commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism) 1971: Race Relations Unit Canadian Race Relations Foundation Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) Social Class? (Inequality, poverty) 2.1 What Do Canadians Want from Television? What do Canadians want from television � a deceivingly easy question; the answer is almost trite: Canadians want to be entertained, informed and enlightened. They want choice. They want a broad range of diverse programming � from television that provokes them to think, to television that lets them turn their brains off for a while. They want to know what's happening next door, and they want to know what's happening on the other side of the world. They want to laugh; they want to be challenged; they want to learn something they never knew before. They want programming that interests them, teaches them, or just engages them, at times that are convenient, and without having to work too hard at it. Canadians don't really care how many jobs the system creates They don't care whether there is a certain percentage of Canadian required during specific day parts, or how much was spent on creating their favourite programs, or who produces it. They just want to tune in to something that interests, informs or entertains them. Ultimately, the business of television broadcasting is about meeting this demand, and doing it in a way that makes business sense

32. Industry Standards and Other �Concerned� Interests - CAB Guidelines and Policies Diversity in Private Television Broadcasting (2004) Ensure that on-screen portrayal of minority groups is accurate, fair and non-stereotypical �cultural diversity means tremendous spending power� Sex-Role Portrayal for Television and Radio Programming (1990) non-sexist language no negative or exploitative portrayals of either gender diverse roles for and representations of females respect the principles of intellectual and emotional equality of both sexes Voluntary Code Regarding Violence in Television Programming (1987) 1.2.1 that programming containing gratuitous violence not be telecast; 1.2.2 that young children not be exposed to programming which is unsuitable for them; 1.2.3 that viewers be informed about the content of programming they choose to watch. http://www.cab-acr.ca In order to better appreciate CAB�s guidelines and policies, we might first look at government�s concerns with social relations as these have been studied through Royal Commissions and Task Forces since the early 1960s in Canada. Gender 1967: Royal Commission on the Status of Women) Race and Ethnicity 1969 Royal commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism) 1971: Race Relations Unit Canadian Race Relations Foundation Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) Social Class? (Inequality, poverty) 2.1 What Do Canadians Want from Television? What do Canadians want from television � a deceivingly easy question; the answer is almost trite: Canadians want to be entertained, informed and enlightened. They want choice. They want a broad range of diverse programming � from television that provokes them to think, to television that lets them turn their brains off for a while. They want to know what's happening next door, and they want to know what's happening on the other side of the world. They want to laugh; they want to be challenged; they want to learn something they never knew before. They want programming that interests them, teaches them, or just engages them, at times that are convenient, and without having to work too hard at it. Canadians don't really care how many jobs the system creates They don't care whether there is a certain percentage of Canadian required during specific day parts, or how much was spent on creating their favourite programs, or who produces it. They just want to tune in to something that interests, informs or entertains them. Ultimately, the business of television broadcasting is about meeting this demand, and doing it in a way that makes business sense In order to better appreciate CAB�s guidelines and policies, we might first look at government�s concerns with social relations as these have been studied through Royal Commissions and Task Forces since the early 1960s in Canada. Gender 1967: Royal Commission on the Status of Women) Race and Ethnicity 1969 Royal commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism) 1971: Race Relations Unit Canadian Race Relations Foundation Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) Social Class? (Inequality, poverty) 2.1 What Do Canadians Want from Television? What do Canadians want from television � a deceivingly easy question; the answer is almost trite: Canadians want to be entertained, informed and enlightened. They want choice. They want a broad range of diverse programming � from television that provokes them to think, to television that lets them turn their brains off for a while. They want to know what's happening next door, and they want to know what's happening on the other side of the world. They want to laugh; they want to be challenged; they want to learn something they never knew before. They want programming that interests them, teaches them, or just engages them, at times that are convenient, and without having to work too hard at it. Canadians don't really care how many jobs the system creates They don't care whether there is a certain percentage of Canadian required during specific day parts, or how much was spent on creating their favourite programs, or who produces it. They just want to tune in to something that interests, informs or entertains them. Ultimately, the business of television broadcasting is about meeting this demand, and doing it in a way that makes business sense

33. Identity and Canada Defining Individual Identity Defining Collective Identity Some Notions of Identity in Western Social and Political Thought; Identity and Nation; Technological Nationalism; Essentialism versus Constructivism; Currents Threats and Controversies; Globalization Commodification Commercialization Erosion of the Public Sphere and The Disappearance of Privacy The Nation State and Identity Post-Modern Identities.

34. Defining Individual Identity the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known; "geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it"; "it was too dark to determine his identity"; "she guessed the identity of his lover" http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn self knowledge about one's characteristics or personality; a sense of self. www.chw.org/display/PPF/DocID/2119/router.asp The sense of community can be an important consideration. What is the value members attach to their identity as members of the linguistic community? How important is language to the personal identity? www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/progs/lool/perspectives/english/assimil/defining.htm

35. Defining Collective Identity Definition: Contexts within which and through which both individuals and groups construct, negotiate and defend self-understanding According to liberal individualism, the self is an autonomous and independent being possessed of natural rights including freedom, the right to own property, the right of self-expression and the right of association. Men come together and form society under a �social contract� of individuals.

36. Defining Collective Identity Some thinkers who reflected on identity were Plato on the Soul; Descartes on the ego; David Hume on impressions; Emile Durkheim on the social; George Herbert Mead - on the I and the Me. According to Plato, the soul consists of three basic energies which animate human beings: Reason, Emotion, and Appetite. Reason is given the greatest value, while Emotion and especially Appetite are regarded as the �lower passions�. The soul that is ordered is governed by Reason, and therefore keeps one�s emotions and one�s appetites under control. The lower passions *must* submit to the dictates of Reason (http://ct.essortment.com/platotheory_reym.htm). Ren� Descartes saw the ego as the source of meaning and agency. �I think, therefore I am.� David Hume focused on the phenomenology of self and proposed that the self is a sense impression that changes according to environment and context. It is therefore not a stable unchanging category. (Bundle theory of self). Emile Durkheim reversed the relationship of individual to society and proposed that the self is the product of social relations. Society is not constituted of individuals, but rather, constitutes them. There are no natural rights, only those we grant. This idea is taken up by Herbert Mead in his distinction between �I� and �me� where �I� is the response of the organism to others whereas the �me� is the internalized and organized set of attitudes that are produced by this response. The self is therefore, primarily, the internalization of the viewpoint of others. According to Plato, the soul consists of three basic energies which animate human beings: Reason, Emotion, and Appetite. Reason is given the greatest value, while Emotion and especially Appetite are regarded as the �lower passions�. The soul that is ordered is governed by Reason, and therefore keeps one�s emotions and one�s appetites under control. The lower passions *must* submit to the dictates of Reason (http://ct.essortment.com/platotheory_reym.htm). Ren� Descartes saw the ego as the source of meaning and agency. �I think, therefore I am.� David Hume focused on the phenomenology of self and proposed that the self is a sense impression that changes according to environment and context. It is therefore not a stable unchanging category. (Bundle theory of self). Emile Durkheim reversed the relationship of individual to society and proposed that the self is the product of social relations. Society is not constituted of individuals, but rather, constitutes them. There are no natural rights, only those we grant. This idea is taken up by Herbert Mead in his distinction between �I� and �me� where �I� is the response of the organism to others whereas the �me� is the internalized and organized set of attitudes that are produced by this response. The self is therefore, primarily, the internalization of the viewpoint of others.

37. Defining Collective Identity Symbolic Interaction; Structuralist Marxism and Interpellation; Freudian Psychoanalysis; Foucault and the self in discourse. In Symbolic Interaction theory, the self is a product of particular interactions. As such, the self changes as those around it do. There is no stable self, rather a fluid entity subject to context. In the Structuralist Marxist approach, Althusser offers the concept of interpellation whereby the individual subject is constructed through the institutional structures of social life, in both a material and ideological manner. In Freudian psychoanalysis, the subject is constituted in a dynamic process of the id, the ego and the superego which exist in constant tension with each other as they constantly struggle to orient, in turn, to the pleasure principle or the reality principle. For Michel Foucault, the self is constructed through its position within discourses and is represented in terms of how it �talks about itself� in regards to the intellectual, material and conceptual resources brought to bear in this expressive articulation. In Symbolic Interaction theory, the self is a product of particular interactions. As such, the self changes as those around it do. There is no stable self, rather a fluid entity subject to context. In the Structuralist Marxist approach, Althusser offers the concept of interpellation whereby the individual subject is constructed through the institutional structures of social life, in both a material and ideological manner. In Freudian psychoanalysis, the subject is constituted in a dynamic process of the id, the ego and the superego which exist in constant tension with each other as they constantly struggle to orient, in turn, to the pleasure principle or the reality principle. For Michel Foucault, the self is constructed through its position within discourses and is represented in terms of how it �talks about itself� in regards to the intellectual, material and conceptual resources brought to bear in this expressive articulation.

38. Essentialism vs. Constructivism

39. Essentialism The term describes the idea that creatures, including humans, objects and things (texts � representations � artifacts) are possessed of particular characteristics and attributes which constitute their true �nature.� The essence of a thing or being is fixed and unchanging and possessed of a dual character, both as the innate property and the external typology to which all objects or beings conform.

40. Constructivism The prevailing academic and scholarly opinions dismiss, on the whole, most essentialist arguments, proposing instead that the body itself, as prototype of essentialist existence, is materially shaped by social ideologies, cultural practices and personal experience.

41. The Nation-State and Identity The Case of Broadcasting

42. The Aird Commission In 1929, the Conservative government of R.W. Bennett established the Aird Commission to determine the status and function of radio in the Canadian context. The Commission presented the recommendation that, unlike the US, Canada adopt a public broadcast model and use the airwaves in �the public interest� to promote Canadian sovereignty, identity and culture. This �public model� remains, to this day, a unique dimension of the Canadian broadcasting mediascape.

43. The Report on Culture In 1948, the Massey (Lesvesque) Commission on the Arts was asked to deliberate on the role and function of mass media and culture in Canada. In its report delivered in 1952, it declared that existing and emerging media should promote National unity National identity Counter the threat of Americanization Encourage local cultural practices.

44. The CRTC - History and Origins CRBC (1932) - then CBC (1936) Fowler Commission on television (1958) Radio and television (1968) Radio-television and telecommunications (1976) Broadcasting Act (1991) Telecommunications Act (1993) and the Bell Canada Act (1987) Now reports to the Minister of Canadian Heritage.

45. Canadian Heritage Canadian Heritage oversees Departmental agencies such as: o CRTC o Library and Archives Canada o NFB o Status of Women Canada Crown Corporations such as: o Canada Council for the Arts o Telefilm Canada and

46. Multiculturalism and Identity Government defines �Multi-Culturalism� 1949: Massey Commission on the Arts and Sciences 1969: Royal Commission on Bilingualism + Biculturalism 1969: Official Languages Act 1986: Federal Employment Equity Act 1988: Canadian Multiculturalism Act

47. CRTC and Multiculturalism Communication Policy on Multiculturalism CRTC Ethnic Broadcasting Policy (1985) Native Broadcasting Policy (1990; 1999) Broadcasting Act (1991) CRTC�s Multi-Cultural Television Licenses CFMT (Omni) 1979 (Omni 2) 2002 Telelatino (1984) Aboriginal People�s Television Network (1999) Ten non-Cdn satellite services (2004-5) China International Television Corp?

48. Identity and Social Relations Government and Social Relations Gender (1967: Royal Commission on the Status of Women) Race and Ethnicity o 1969 Royal commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism) o 1971: Race Relations Unit o Canadian Race Relations Foundation Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) Social Class? (Inequality, poverty)

49. Other Broadcast Guidelines Canadian Association of Broadcasters Voluntary Guidelines 1.Best Practices for Cultural Diversity in Private Television Broadcasting (2004) 2.Sex-Role Portrayal for Television and Radio Programming (1990) 3.Voluntary Code Regarding Violence in Television Programming (1987)

50. Postmodern Identities While the modern conceptions of self, whether essentialist or constructivist, were firmly grounded in notions of permanence, growth, transformation, development and evolution, the postmodern conceptions of self and society exist as the critical opposite of the modern ideal and find expression in fragmentation, disruption, rupture, mutation, dislocation and all other forms of impermanence and aleatory existence. While modernity was a project based on the application of instrumental reason to individual and collective life and the rational organization of social and cultural resources, the postmodern celebrates the random encounter, the unpredictable outcome, the abstraction of unknowing which appears at the edge of certainty itself.

51. Identity in Representation

52. Threats to Identity, Self, and Nation

53. Media Threats to Identity, Self and Nation Globalization; Concentration of Ownership; Commodification; Commercialization; The Death of the Public Sphere; The Disappearance of Privacy.

54. Globalization Development of extensive worldwide patterns of economic relationships between nations.?www.investorwiz.com/glossary.htm 1. The increasing world-wide integration of markets for goods, services and capital that attracted special attention in the late 1990s. 2. Also used to encompass a variety of other changes that were perceived to occur at about the same time, such as an increased role for large corporations (MNCs) in the world economy and increased intervention into domestic policies and affairs by international institutions such as the IMF, WTO, and World Bank.? www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/g.html

55. Concentration of Corporate Ownership The concentration of social power in corporate monopolies, known, in media studies, as the problem of concentration of ownership, is said, by Salutin and others, to �subjugate all human values and social possibilities to economic calculations� and pose a threat to the �cohesion of societies and the welfare of individuals.� Some of the effects of the concentration of ownership on media content are: Dominance by few in local and regional markets distorts advertising rates; Pressure of corporate self-promotion; Content shift to infotainment and mass appeal; Content not seen in terms of public interest or prestige but as product; Innovation in packaging and branding disguises loss of diversity in content.

56. Commodification The transformation of an object or practice from the realm of use-value to exchange-value and even fetish-value. A Marxist concept that describes all things in a society (even people) as commodities. All material and social phenomena are products of a society and contribute to the production of other components in that society. This concept emphasizes the Marxist strategy of evaluating everything in terms of the economic exchange and competition occurring in culture. www2.cumberlandcollege.edu/acad/english/litcritweb/glossary.htm the subordination of public and private realms to the logic of capitalism. In other words, things (eg, friendship, women) are valued for their commercial value. With commodification aspects of our lives that are culturally conditioned take on the mythology of being "natural." ?www.california.com/~rathbone/local2.htm

57. Commercialization Commerce is the trading of something of value between two entities. That "something" may be goods, services, information, money, or anything else the two entities consider to have value. Commerce is the central mechanism from which capitalism is derived. The process of transforming something into a commercial activity is called commercialization. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercialization The process of developing markets and producing and delivering products for sale (whether by the originating party or by others). As used here, commercialization includes both government and private sector markets. grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/instructions2/p3_definitions.htm

58. Disappearance of the Public Sphere According to Habermas, the public sphere is "a realm of our social life in which something approaching public opinion can be formed. Access is guaranteed to all citizens. A portion of the public sphere comes into being in every conversation in which private individuals assemble to form a public body" ("PS" 49). A rhetorical theory of the public sphere emphasizes that "sphere" is a metaphor. The public does not exist prior to the conversations that bring it into being. ...?www.wfu.edu/~zulick/MovementTheory/glossary.html A concept in continental philosophy and critical theory, the public sphere contrasts with the private sphere, and is the part of life in which one is interacting with others and with society at large. Much of the thought about the public sphere relates to the concept of identity and identity politics. ?en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sphere

59. The Loss of Privacy As previously discussed, the most intimate details of one�s personal life become subject to commodification and commercialization in order that the individual�s desires, fears and aspirations can be targeted through the appeal of advertising, the sale of mass produced commodities and the deployment and circulation of ideologically-driven discourses and texts. This entire process is naturalized and is only revealed through the scrutiny of critical engagement.

60. The Nation-State and Identity The Case of Broadcasting

61. The Aird Commission In 1929, the Conservative government of R.W. Bennett established the Aird Commission to determine the status and function of radio in the Canadian context. The Commission presented the recommendation that, unlike the US, Canada adopt a public broadcast model and use the airwaves in �the public interest� to promote Canadian sovereignty, identity and culture. This �public model� remains, to this day, a unique dimension of the Canadian broadcasting mediascape.

62. The Report on Culture In 1948, the Massey (Lesvesque) Commission on the Arts was asked to deliberate on the role and function of mass media and culture in Canada. In its report delivered in 1952, it declared that existing and emerging media should promote National unity National identity Counter the threat of Americanization Encourage local cultural practices.

63. The CRTC - History and Origins CRBC (1932) - then CBC (1936) Fowler Commission on television (1958) Radio and television (1968) Radio-television and telecommunications (1976) Broadcasting Act (1991) Telecommunications Act (1993) and the Bell Canada Act (1987) Now reports to the Minister of Canadian Heritage.

64. Canadian Heritage Canadian Heritage oversees Departmental agencies such as: o CRTC o Library and Archives Canada o NFB o Status of Women Canada Crown Corporations such as: o Canada Council for the Arts o Telefilm Canada and

65. Multiculturalism and Identity Government defines �Multi-Culturalism� 1949: Massey Commission on the Arts and Sciences 1969: Royal Commission on Bilingualism + Biculturalism 1969: Official Languages Act 1986: Federal Employment Equity Act 1988: Canadian Multiculturalism Act

66. CRTC and Multiculturalism Communication Policy on Multiculturalism CRTC Ethnic Broadcasting Policy (1985) Native Broadcasting Policy (1990; 1999) Broadcasting Act (1991) CRTC�s Multi-Cultural Television Licenses CFMT (Omni) 1979 (Omni 2) 2002 Telelatino (1984) Aboriginal People�s Television Network (1999) Ten non-Cdn satellite services (2004-5) China International Television Corp?

67. Identity and Social Relations Government and Social Relations Gender (1967: Royal Commission on the Status of Women) Race and Ethnicity o 1969 Royal commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism) o 1971: Race Relations Unit o Canadian Race Relations Foundation Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) Social Class? (Inequality, poverty)

68. Other Broadcast Guidelines Canadian Association of Broadcasters Voluntary Guidelines 1.Best Practices for Cultural Diversity in Private Television Broadcasting (2004) 2.Sex-Role Portrayal for Television and Radio Programming (1990) 3.Voluntary Code Regarding Violence in Television Programming (1987)

69. Postmodern Identities While the modern conceptions of self, whether essentialist or constructivist, were firmly grounded in notions of permanence, growth, transformation, development and evolution, the postmodern conceptions of self and society exist as the critical opposite of the modern ideal and find expression in fragmentation, disruption, rupture, mutation, dislocation and all other forms of impermanence and aleatory existence. While modernity was a project based on the application of instrumental reason to individual and collective life and the rational organization of social and cultural resources, the postmodern celebrates the random encounter, the unpredictable outcome, the abstraction of unknowing which appears at the edge of certainty itself.

70. Identity in Representation

71. Some Final Thoughts Who am I?