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Explosives . These are chemicals that react very rapidly when stimulated in the correct and controlled manner.There are two main typesThose that release large amounts of gas very rapidlyThose that release large amounts of energy very rapidly. Mechanism of an explosive. Detonation is usually caused by a shock or electrically sensitive compound being stimulated into decomposing rapidlyThis sets off the main explosive which is much less sensitive but much more powerful.Fuse ----- detonator31009
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1. Fritz HaberAlfred Nobel And the explosives industry
2. Explosives These are chemicals that react very rapidly when stimulated in the correct and controlled manner.
There are two main types
Those that release large amounts of gas very rapidly
Those that release large amounts of energy very rapidly
3. Mechanism of an explosive Detonation is usually caused by a shock or electrically sensitive compound being stimulated into decomposing rapidly
This sets off the main explosive which is much less sensitive but much more powerful.
Fuse ----- detonator ------ dynamite
4. History China (10th century) Was thought to be the inventor of the first explosive gunpowder a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulphur and charcoal (carbon). By the 12th century it had arrived in Europe,
This was the dominating explosive throughout the middle ages and forged a route for western colonisation of India, Africa and South America.
5. New explosives With chemistry investigations proceeding rapidly during the 18th and 19th century many new unstable substances were discovered.
Nitroglycerine (Ascanio Sobrero, 1846)
Picric acid
Tri-Nitro Toluene (TNT) 1902
Ammonium nitrate (Amotal)
6. Manufacture and use All of the explosives contain either the nitro- NO2 group or the nitrate NO3 group of atoms.
To make them you need nitric acid HNO3
7. Nitroglycerine This is a very unstable compound that was used as an explosive for many years causing innumerable deaths
8. Alfred Nobel Alfred Nobels family had a nitroglycerine business
After several fatal explosions in the factory (one of which killed his brother) he set out to find a way to make nitroglycerine safe to handle.
He invented the blasting cap (using gunpowder)
He invented dynamite
9. Nobels contribution Alfred Nobel made high explosives freely available allowing:
Use of high explosives in war
Engineering projects such as dams for irrigation, bridges, railways, mines and road-building became possible.
10. 19th and 20th century politics Europe, for the past 1000 years has been politically very unstable with many wars between neighbouring countries.
Although a lot of damage can be caused with gunpowder and steel the new explosives brought warfare into a new dimension..
At the beginning of the 20th century the European map looked like ?
12. Raw materials To make explosives you need nitrates
Chile Saltpetre NaNO3
India Bengal saltpetre Ca(NO3)2
Guanine (from guana)
And they come from..
15. Guanine comes from guana
16. And guana comes from
17. The Germans needed
18. And to manufacture munitions they needed the raw materials to which they had no access because of the naval blockade.
19. So they called on
20. Among which was
21. The Haber process Fritz Haber, a chemist, recognised that Germanys requirement of nitrates for explosives could come from the oxidation of ammonia:
Ammonia + oxygen ? nitrogen oxide + water
Nitrogen oxide + water + oxygen ? Nitric acid
Nitric acid ? explosives
22. The problem Ammonia could be made from nitrogen and hydrogen, both of which were freely available in Germany
BUT
The reaction
N2 + 3H2 ? 2NH3
is very difficult and inefficient
23. The Haber process So Haber developed the process by which
He used pressure to push the reaction to the right hand side
He used a catalyst to speed the reaction up
He liquefied the ammonia to remove it from the reaction as soon as it was formed, preventing its decomposition.
25. Result? This allowed Germany to fight the war for four years from 1914 to 1918
Fritz Haber was put in charge of Germanys chemical weapons program
Some of the consequences.
26. The Somme 1st July 1916: after a week long bombardment of the German frontline, nearly 100,000 British soldiers rose from their trenches and marched into No Man's Land.
27. The Somme
28. The Somme Wave after wave of British infantry rose from their trenches and walked forward. but they advanced to their deaths: the German machine-gun nests had survived and so had much of the wire, blasted into even more impenetrable tangle. The British army suffered the highest Losses it had ever taken in a single day, 57,000 deaths
29. The Somme The territorial gains were unspectacular: along a 48-km (30 mile) front the greatest penetration was about 11 km (7 miles) deep and had no strategic significance. The British Empire had sustained 450,000 casualties and the French suffered about 150,000. German losses exceeded 600,000.
All in all....
30. Casualties
Austria-Hungary: 2,300,000 dead
Belgium: 88,000 dead
Britain & Empire: 908,371 dead
Bulgaria: 14,000 dead
France & Empire: 1,327,000 dead
Germany: 1,773,700 dead
31. Greece: 5,000 dead
Italy: 460,000 dead
Portugal: 7,000 dead
Romania: 219,800 dead
Russia: 1,700,000 dead
Serbia: 45,000 dead
Turkey: 236,000 dead
USA: 50,585 dead
TOTAL: 12,599,000 deaths
32. Poisonous gases Fritz Haber continued working as a chemist and was responsible for the development of Zyklon B during the first world war as a poison gas weapon
34. Zyklon B Zyklon B was later put to an even more notorious use.
35. The concentration camps Dachau
Auschwitz
Treblinka
Buchenwald
And many more
Used Zyklon B (among other gases) to kill the prisoners in the concentration camps
37. So wheres the good? Ammonia is also a raw material in the manufacture of.....
Ammonium sulphate
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium phosphate
all used for
38. Fertilizers
39. Fertilizers Which have saved millions of lives in countries all over the world..
40. Haber Fritz Habers wife could not take the stress and pressure of living with a man who was (she thought) responsible for so many deaths she committed suicide.
Haber resigned after the Nazis came to power (he was Jewish) and fled to England in 1933 where he died depressed one year later.
41. Nobel Nobel became a fabulously wealthy man from his inventions but became increasingly depressed with what he saw to be his culpability in the evils of warfare.
He left a large amount of money to fund the Nobel prizes that are awarded every year for people that have conferred the greatest benefit for mankind
42. One World Essay Title: The explosives industry
You can use the biographies of Haber and Nobel to exemplify the ethics and morals involved.
You should include:
The chemistry of explosives
Their uses in society
Their dangers to society
Suggestions for their use
You should address the following question:
Were Nobel and Haber justified in feeling depressed about their contributions to society and humanity?