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PENYIMPANAN BMT

PENYIMPANAN BMT. Artharini Irsyammawati,S.Pt.MP. Fakta tentang penyimpanan. Fakta tentang penyimpanan pakan.

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PENYIMPANAN BMT

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  1. PENYIMPANANBMT Artharini Irsyammawati,S.Pt.MP

  2. Fakta tentang penyimpanan Fakta tentang penyimpanan pakan • Penyakit kembung yang menyebabkan ribuan ternak kelinci mati di Kecamatan Ngablak, Kabupaten Magelang, Jawa Tengah, diduga akibatkesalahan pada penyimpanan pakan ternak. "Ini kemungkinan karena pakan disimpan terlalu lama hingga berminggu- minggu, dalam pakan konsentrat tersebut akhirnya timbul jamur (Magelang, Kompas ,5/1/2007). • Semua penyakit pada umumnya terkait dengan faktor immunosupresi. Begitu juga dengan infeksi jamur yang bersumber dari pakan. Kondisi musim hujan saat ini meningkatkan kelembaban ruang penyimpanan pakan yang pada gilirannya meningkatkan kadar air dalam pakan ternak. Lingkungan seperti ini yang menjadi media tumbuh suburnya jamur. Jamur yang tumbuh menghasilkan racun (toksin) sebagai sisa hasil metabolismenya (Infovet,2006) • Peternak pada musim kemarau sulit memperoleh pakan karena kurang mengembangkan teknologi penyimpanan pakan. (Pikiran Rakyat, 12/7/2006, Tasikmalaya, Jabar)

  3. OUTLINE Outline • Definisi daya simpan • Tujuan penyimpanan • Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi daya simpan • Macam-macam bentuk silo penyimpanan • Perubahan zat-zat makanan selama penyimpanan • Serangga yang umum dijumpai selama penyimpanan • Teknologi penyimpanan BMT

  4. Outline Pengertian Daya SimpanAdalah jangka waktu dari BMT selama penyimpanan dimana BMT tidak mengalami kerusakan /penurunan kualitas sehingga layak digunakan. • Tujuan Penyimpanan : • mengurangi / menghindari kerusakan • mempertinggi daya simpan

  5. Faktor-Faktor yang mempengaruhi daya simpan • Kadar air dan suhu • Oksigen • Tingkat kematangan/umur panen • Penanganan waktu dan pasca panen • Tempat, Cara dan Jangka Waktu • Penyimpanan

  6. Kadar air dan suhu • Erat kaitannya dengan daya simpan • kadar air bahan rendah + RH sekitar tinggi  Penyerapan air dari udara oleh BMT  media yang baik untuk pertumbuhan jamur • Suhu dalam BMT rendah + RH BMT tinggi media yang baik untuk pertumbuhan jamur

  7. Oksigen - dapat merusak Vit. A dan C- mempengaruhi cita rasa + perubahan warna  kerusakan zat makanan akibat tumbuhnya jamur aerobik.- mempercepat proses oksidasi lemak BMT  ”ACIDITAS / tengik” • Tingkat kematangan/umur panen • - panen umur muda  Kadar air tinggi • panen umur tua  kadar air rendah  daya simpan lebih • lama

  8. Penanganan waktu dan pasca panen • alat yang digunakan untuk panen  biji-bijian tidak utuh (rusak)  mudah rusak (selama penyimpanan). • pengolahan / pengawetan  meningkatkan daya simpan • pengeringan  me - i kadar air • me - i aktifitas jamur • me - i aktivitas enzim dlm BMT • pengolahan paling murah & mudah • Pengepresan  mengurangi kadar lemak / minyak tidak mudah tengik

  9. Penanganan waktu dan pasca panen • Ketengikan dapat dicegah/dikurangi dengan penambahan bahan kimia ’antioksidan’. • Fermentasi (silase)  meningkatkan daya simpan HMT • Packing bertujuan mempertahankan keadaan fisik BMT selama transportasi / penyimpanan dari gangguan : • a) perubahan T ; RH ; O2 ; sinar matahari • b) kontaminasi insekta, tikus, hewan  tidak • mudah rusak

  10. Tempat, Cara, Jangka Waktu Penyimpanan • Tempat/Storage Room harus : a) bersih + terang • b) ventilasi baik • c) suhu ruangan 18 – 24°C • (65 – 75°C) • d) bebas insekta, tikus, hewan • Cara penyimpanan  BMT tidak boleh dicampur, tapi dikelompokan berdasarkan jenisnya dan disusun rapi/teratur. •  Jangka waktu terlalu lama  tingkat kerusakan BMT semakinbesar

  11. Macam-macam bentuk silo penyimpanan • Slanted PumpA Slanted pump is most frequently used when an operation is being retrofitted and the storage system is upgraded to take advantage of the grain pumps versatility. Utilizing existing storage structures, instead of building new grain bins, can save expense. • Side SpoutsSide spout allow the grain loop to incorporate bins that are not in line into the grain system. Other functions such as grain drying, cleaning, rolling and bagging can be incorporated into the system.

  12. Vertical Around Bulk BuildingIn situation where bulk storage is used, a grain pump can be constructed to convey crops to and from trucks and rail cars. The use of bin wells and bin sweeps can ensure that all of the crop can be moved turned or blended as required. Horizontal Bin FillTo fill, 2 rows of bins, a horizontal bin fill formation may suit the farm situation better. The high capacity, low maintenance and ease of operation combine to provide the most efficient top-loading grain handling system in the industry. The same may be said for a horizontal bin unloading system, if the circumstance is right.

  13. Fast Auger In Fast Auger OutFor simply loading and unloading, a "fast auger in fast auger out" configuration may be all that is required. This arrangement can serve to move grain from bin to bin and load and unload into tracks or rail cars. The 6" pump at 2000 bu. per hour, moves the grain from the surge bin or holding bin, to all the other bins and back. (Connects all the bins); the high capacity augers load and unload • Vertical Around Flat Bottom StorageIn a situation where new bins are being built in conjunction with the Hutchinson Grain Pump, the system can be configured to surround flat bottom storage and provide means to move grain from bin to bin, load and unload, turn, and provide facilities for blending.

  14. Vertical Around HoppersHopper bottom bins can also be incorporated into the system. Where the operation deals with a variety of commodities and uses hopper bottom bins extensively, the design can be configured to allow handling multiple crops without fear of contamination. • A Loop with Bucket Elevator and Hopper Bin CombinationWhere blending feed is a prominent system requirement, a loop with a bucket elevator and hopper bins can be constructed. This allows a number of ingredients to be custom mixed to your specifications and it can all be controlled and monitored electronically.

  15. Figure 1. Small grain storage mold - heat damage. (Courtesy C.M. Christensen).. Figure 2. The seeds as observed before pericarps covering the germs were removed; no damage is evident. Figure 4. A storage fungus (Aspergillus ochraceus) growing from the germ of a split kernel of wheat. Figure 3. Storage fungi (Aspergillus species) fruiting on the germ ends of wheat kernels

  16. Figure 7. Small grain storage mold - heat damage. (Courtesy C.M. Christensen)..

  17. Perubahan zat-zat makanan selama penyimpanan • Kerusakan pada Protein • Kerusakan pada KH • Ketengikan (lemak) • Kerusakan pada vitamin

  18. Kerusakan pada Protein • Disebabkan oleh : • Panas • Reaksi kimia / basa asam • Aktivitas enzim proteolitik Ditandai dg : • Adanya denaturasi & pengendapan • - penggumpalan • - pengerutan • Degradasi complex molecules • menjadi simple molecules oleh asam • - proteosa - NH3 • pepton - merkaptan • - polypeptida - skatol • - peptida - putrescine busuk • - aa - H2S • Timbul bau busuk

  19. Kerusakan pada KH perubahan komponen pati, selulose, gula hidrolisis atau fermentasi ensim / mikroba

  20. Hidrolitik Adanya air dalam BMT & Aktivitas lipase pada minyak/lemak Hidrolisis lemak mjd : - asam lemak - digliserida - monogliserida - gliserol Oksidatif / peroksida lemak Pe – an atom H dari asam lemak tak bebas Radikal bebas tak jenuh & O2 Asam lemak hidroperoksida Aldehid dan keton Aroma tidak sedap Ketengikan (lemak) PENURUNAN NILAI ENERGI LEMAK

  21. Kerusakan pada vitamin Vitamin rusak karena  - sinar - kerusakan pada lemak (vitamin yang larut dalam lemak)  Vitamin larut dalam air kurang stabil dalam larutan dibandfing vitamin yang larut dalam lemak.  Vitamin stabil terhadap panas kecuali A, D, E, Kalsium pantotenat  Vitamin C dapat stabil terhadap panas bila tidak ada O2  Adanya penurunan / perubahan mineral  dapat diabaikan

  22. Stored-grain Insects • Stored-grain Insects often cause as much loss after harvest as crop pests cause during the growing season. • Insects cause losses by direct feeding damage and also deterioration and contamination of grain. • Direct feeding damage results in reductions in weight, nutritional • value, germination and market value. • Deterioration and contamination from the presence of insects • results in downgrading of grain and market value due to insect • parts, odors, molds and heat damage. For example, current FGIS • regulations call for the downgrading of wheat to sample grade if • the insect levels in Table 1are exceeded.

  23. Common insect Pests of Stored Grain Figure 1: Granary Weevil (Sitophilus granarius). Photo courtesy USDA. Figure 2: Lesser Grain Borer (Rhyzopertha dominica). Figure 3: Indian Meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella). Photo courtesy USDA.

  24. Common insect Pests of Stored Grain Figure 4: Tribolium species Figure 5: Sawtoothed Grain Beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis). Photo courtesy USDA.

  25. Stored-grain Insects • Table 1: FGIS infested designation standards. • Insects per Kg of grain to receive FGIS “infested” • Crop designation • Wheat, More than 1 weevil, or 1 live • rye, weevil plus any other • triticale live stored grain insect, or no live weevils but 2 or more other live stored grain insects • Corn, More than 1 weevil, or 1 live • barley, weevil plus any 5 or more • oats, other live stored grain insects, • sorghum, or no live weevils, but 10 or • soybeans more other live stored grain insects.

  26. Stored-grain Insects • Six steps to prevent and control of insect damage are: 1. keep bins clean and repaired; 2. use residual sprays; (2 mgg sblm penyimpanan) 3. store only clean, dry grain (ka < 15 %); 4. aerate the grain; 5. protect the grain; and 6. inspect the grain regularly. Below 55 to 60 degrees F, inspect grain every two weeks. Above this temperature, inspect it weekly.

  27. Teknologi Penyimpanan • Pengeringan  Hay • Silase • Haylase • Wafer • Prosessing pakan - grinding - pelleting - crumbling - dll

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