NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science

1. NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science Chapter #18 Rock Cycle

2. Rock Cycle

3. Types of Rocks • Igneous • Intrusive • Extrusive • Pyroclastic • Sedimentary • Chemical • Precipitates and Evaporites • Fossiliferous • Clastic • Sorted • Unsorted • Metamorphic • Foliated • Unfoliated

4. Distribution of Elements in the Solar System • Elements in the Sun • Carbonaceous Chondrites • Elements in the Earth’s Core • Elements in the Earth’s Mantle • Elements in the Earth’s Crust • Elements in the Earth’s Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

5. Minerals in Earths’ Crust • Oxygen = 46.6 % • Silicon = 27.7 % • Aluminum = 8.1 % • Iron = 5 % • Calcium = 3.6 % • Potassium = 2.8 % • Magnesium = 2.6 % • All Others = 1.5 %

6. Mineral Identification • Mineral Classes • Silicates • Oxides • Carbonates • Sulfides • Sulphates • Halides • Phosphates • Hydroxides • Native Elements

7. The Earth Scientist’s Periodic Table: most elements in the natural environment exist as ions

8. Using Mineral Properties to Identify Minerals • Luster • Color and Streak • Hardness • Moh’s Scale of Hardness • Cleavage • Specific Gravity • Special Properties

9. Using Texture and Mineralogic Composition to Identify Rocks • Igneous Rocks • Intrusive • Extrusive • Pyroclastic • Sedimentary Rocks • Clastic • Nonclastic • Metamorphic Rocks • Foliated • Unfoliated

10. Igneous Rock Texture • Phaneritic • Coarse-Grained • Medium-Grained • Fine-Grained • Aphanitic • Glassy • Vesicular • Pyroclastic • Porphyritic

11. Igneous Mineral Composition • Felsic • Granite • Rhyolite • Mafic • Basalt • Gabbro • Intermediate • Diorite • Andesite

12. Bowen’s Reaction Series • Continuous Reaction Series • Discontinuous Reaction Series

13. Sedimentary Rocks • Sediment Formation • Mechanical and Chemical Weathering • Sediment Transport • Water, Ice, Wind and Gravity • Sediment Deposition • Environment of Deposition

14. Environment of Deposition • Non-marine • Terrigenous • Lacustrine • Marine • Littoral • Pelagic • Transitional

15. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks • Sorting • Grain Size • Boulders • Pebbles • Sand • Silt • Clay • Rounding

16. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks • Precipitates • Limestone • Dolomite • Travertine • Chert • Evaporites • Gypsum • Halite

17. Other Compositions • Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks • Bioclastic Sedimentary Rocks • Coal

18. Metamorphic Processes • Recrystallization • Crystallization • Rotation

19. Conditions of Metamorphism • Contact Metamorphism • Regional Metamorphism

20. Metamorphic Stories • Pelitic • Shale to Slate to Phylite to Schist to Gneiss • Arenaceous • Granite to Schist to Gneiss • Mafic • Andesite to Schist to Gneiss • Calcareous • Limestone to Marble

21. Classification of Metamorphic Rocks • Foliated • Slate • Phyllite • Schist • Gneiss • Unfoliated • Marble • Quartzite

22. Rock Cycle • Igneous rocks are formed from magma cooling in the earth’s crust or lava cooling on the surface. • Sedimentary rocks are formed from the weathered pieces of existing rock. • Metamorphic rocks are formed by the recrystallization of existing rocks. • All rocks are susceptible to weathering and erosion. • All rocks are also susceptible to metamorphism. • All rocks can be subducted and re-melted (though the continents preserve rocks formed throughout earth’s history because they float higher in the mantle than do the oceans). • The rock cycle is a continuous process!

23. Quiz • 1. T or F: Minerals are naturally occurring elements and compounds in the earth. • 2. T or F: Rocks that form from magma, lava or pyroclasticmaterial are metamorphic rocks. • 3. T or F: Rocks that form by recrystalization of existing rocks are sedimentary rocks. • 4. T or F: Sedimentary rocks formed from pieces of rocks weathered physically are called clasticigneous rocks. • 5. T or F: If the metamorphism is extreme the crystals in the metamorphic rocks will migrate and form layers or bands. These are called foliated metamorphic rocks.

24. Test Questions • Minerals are naturally occurring elements and compounds in the earth. Rocks are combinations of minerals (or in some cases a single mineral) that form the earth’s crust. • Rocks that form from magma, lava or pyroclasticmaterial are igneousrocks. Rocks that form from sediments produced by chemical and physical weathering are called sedimentary rocks. Rocks that form by recrystalization of existing rocks are metamorphic rocks. • Processes that form and change rocks comprise the rock cycle. The characteristics of rocks tell their stories! • Igneous rocks that form from magma within the earth’s crust are called intrusive igneous rocks. Those that form from lava on the earth’s surface are called extrusive igneous rocks. Those that form from ash and cinder ejected by volcanoes are pyroclastic igneous rocks. • Rocks that form from sediments produced by chemical and physical weathering are called sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks formed from pieces of rocks weathered physically are called clastic sedimentary rocks. Other sedimentary rocks can form from the dissolved pieces of chemically weathered rocks. Oftentimes organisms are involved in removing dissolved chemicals from water and forming shells. When these shells are deposited as fossils they form bioclastic sedimentary rocks. • Rocks that form by recrystalization of existing rocks are metamorphic rocks. If the metamorphism is extreme the crystals in the metamorphic rocks will migrate and form layers or bands. These are called foliated metamorphic rocks.