THE PURITANS

1. THE PURITANS

2. Puritanism was a Protestant religious reform movement. It developed within the church of England during the late 16th century. The Puritan movement found its origins in the writings and thinking of early religious reformers such as Thomas Cranmer, and was heavily influenced by the Protestant theologian, John Calvin, his religious movement within Puritanism was called Calvinism. O puritanismofoi um movimento de reformareligiosoProtestante. Desenvolveu-se dentrodaigrejadaInglaterradurante o final do século XVI. O movimentopuritanoencontrousuasorigensnosescritos e pensamentos dos primeirosreformadoresreligiososcomo Thomas Cranmer, e foiintensamenteinfluenciadopeloteólogoprotestante, John Calvin, suacorrentereligiosadentro do Puritanismofoichamada de Calvinismo.

3. The Puritans wanted to purify the church of any remaining Roman Catholic influence. They rejected the authority of the Roman Catholic Pope and relied on the Bible as a source of religious truth. They believed in predestination: a person was either predestined by God for eternal salvation or to eternal damnation. Os Puritanosqueriam ‘purificar’ a igreja de qualquerremanecênciadainfluênciaCatólica. Elesrejeitaram a autoridade do papa católico e tinha a Bíbliacomoumafontedaverdadereligiosa. Elesacreditavamempredestinação: umapessoaera tantopredestinadapor Deus a ter a salvaçãoeternaoucondenação.

4. Their religious beliefs influenced every aspect of their daily life: social, political and economic. They observed austere morality, dress and behaviour. They cultivated family piety, thrift, honesty, business enterprise, education and science. Suascrençasreligiosasinfluenciaramváriosaspectos de seucotidiano: social, política e economicamente. Elesseguiamumamoralidadeaustera, vestimenta e comportamento. Elescultivavamumadevoção familiar, parcimônia, honestidade, osnegócios, a educação e a ciência.

6. In England they were often persecuted and they strongly desired to go to the New World where they could finally practise their religion freely, and create a settlement completely governed by Puritan ideas and laws. Na Inglaterra, eleseramsempreperseguidos. Elesqueriammuitoirpara o Novo Mundoondefinalmentepoderiampraticarsuareligiãolivremente e criar um povoadocompletamentegovernadopelas ideias e leis puritanas.

7. In 1629 a group of Puritans and merchants convinced King Charles I of England to grant their newly formed Massachusetts Bay Company an area north of the Plymouth Colony for settlement. Initially, the company was considered a business venture, but the Puritan leader, John Winthrop, decided to use the colony as a refuge for persecuted Puritans. Em 1629 um grupo de Puritanos e comerciantesconvenceuRei Charles I daInglaterraemdoar a companhiadaBaía de Massachussets, umaárea no nortedaColônia Plymouth parapovoamento. Inicialmente a companhiafoiconsiderada um negócioarriscado, mas o líderpuritano, John Withrop, decidiuusar a colôniacomo um refúgioparaospuritanosperseguidos.

8. In March 1630, Governor John Winthrop led 700 Puritans to the New World. The Puritans arrived in Massachusetts Bay and landed in what is now Salem. Shortly after, Governor Winthrop founded Boston, which became a prosperous seaport and the capital city. EmMarço de 1630, o Governador John Winthrop leva 700 puritanospara o Novo Mundo. Os puritanoschegaramnaBaía de Massachussets e desembarcaram no que é hojeSalém. Poucodepois, o governadorfunda Boston que se tornou um portopróspero e a capital dacidade.

9. After the persecution suffered in England, they were now able to practise their stern religion freely and they began to persecute their own dissenters! Those who were not good members of the church were persecuted, punished and banished. If a person was accused of being a witch or a heretic, he or she was burned at the stake or hanged. Blasphemy was punished very severely: the guilty person's ears were cut off! DepoisdaperseguiçãosofridanaInglaterra, elespuderampraticarsuareligiãoausteralivremente e começaram a perseguirseusprópriosdissidentes. Aquelesquenãoerambonsmembrosdaigrejaeramperseguidos, punidos e banidos. Se umapessoa fosse acusada de ser umabruxaou um herege, eleouelaeramjogadosnafogueiraouenforcados. A blasfêmia era punidaseveramente: o culpadotinhasuasorelhascortadas!

10. Success in the work world was seen as a sign of God's favour, and one's predestination to salvation. In fact, shortly after their arrival, the Puritans established a flourishing fish, fur and lumber trade with many countries. Devotion to hard work and business enterprise is at the basis of the Puritan philosophy. Accumulation of wealth is not considered sinful, as long as it doesn’t lead to an idle, dissolute life. A prosperidade no campo do trabalho era visto como um sinal da generosidade de Deus e uma predestinação a salvação. Na verdade, pouco depois de sua chegada, os puritanos estabeleceram um próspero comércio de pescados, peles e madeiras com muitos países. A devoção ao trabalho árduo e os negócios eram as bases da filosofia puritana. A acumulação de riquezas não é considerado um pecado desde que não leve a uma vida ociosa e libertina.

11. The Salem Witchcraft

12. Belief in witches and witchcraft was common in Europe and New England during the 17th century. Before the dramatic Salem witchcraft trials, almost 300 New Englanders (mostly lower-class, middle-aged women, spinsters or widows) had been accused of witchcraft, and more than 30 had been hanged. However, the Salem trials exceeded all precedents in their intensity. A crença em bruxas e bruxarias era comum na Europa e na Nova Inglaterra durante o século XVII. Antes dos dramáticos julgamentos em Salém, quase 300 novos ingleses (a maioria de classe mais baixa, mulheres de meia idade, solteiras ou viúvas) foram acusados de bruxarias e mais de 30 foram enforcados. No entanto, os julgamentos em Salém excederam todos os precedentes por sua intensidade.

13. In 1692, a few adolescent girls became entranced listeners of voodoo stories told by Tituba, a slave from the West Indies. Suddenly, these girls began acting strangely-they shouted, barked, grovelled, twitched - without any apparent reason. The town doctor concluded that they had been bewitched. The girls pointed to Tituba and two white women as the culprits. Em 1692, algumasgarotasforamouvintes das histórias de voducontadasporTituba, umaescravavinda do oeste. De repente, estasgarotascomeçaram a agirestranhamente, elasgritavam, latiam, rastejavam, debatiam-se semnenhummotivoaparente. O médicodacidadeconcluiuqueelasforamenfeitiçadas. As garotasapontaramTituba e duasmulheresbrancascomoculpadas.

14. Examination of a witch (1855) by Thomas H. Matteson

15. The townspeople were seized by panic as the word spread that the devil was among them. At a hearing before the magistrates, the "bewitched" girls shrieked and rolled on the floor in convulsive fits as they were questioned by the magistrates. In the midst of this hysteria, Tituba shocked her listeners by confessing to the charge and accusing many others in the community of performing the devil’s work. As pessoasdacidadeestavamempânico com o boato do demônioestar entre eles. Emumaaudiênciadiante dos juízes, as garotas ‘enfeitiçadas’ gritavam e rolavam no chão de forma convulsivaquandoeramquestionadasporeles. No meiodahisteria, Titubachocaosouvintesconfessando e acusandomuitosoutrosdacomunidade de fazeremtrabalhospara o diabo.

16. At this point, the crazed girls began accusing dozens of townspeople, including several of the most respected members of the Puritan community. After a few months, the Salem prison was filled with townspeople-men, women and children - all accused of practicing witchcraft. There was general hysteria everywhere in the area. Nestemomento, as garotasenlouquecidasacusamdezenas de pessoasdacidade, incluindovários dos membrosmaisrespeitadosdacomunidadepuritana. Depois de algunsmeses, a prisão de Salémestavarepleta de pessosdacidade, homens, mulheres e crianças – todosacusados de praticarembruxaria – A histeriafoigeral no local.

17. Within ten months, 19 people had been hanged and more than 100 had been put in prison. One man, Giles Corey, was pressed to death with heavy stones. Sarah Good, who was hanged on July 19, 1692, put a curse on Reverend Noyes. She told him that if she was hanged, he would have blood to drink. Tradition says that twenty-five years later, Reverend Noyes died of a throat haemorrhage. Em 10 meses, 19 pessoasforamenforcadas e mais de 100 foramaprisionadas. Um homem, Giles Corey, foimorto com pedraspesadasquepressionavam o seucorpo. Sarah Good, quefoienforcadaem 19 de julho de 1692, jogouumamaldição no Reverendo Noyes. Elalhedisseque se fosse enforcada, elebeberiasangue. A tradiçãodizquevinte e cincoantosdepois, o Reverendo Noyes morreu de hemorragianagarganta.

19. As the accusations spread beyond Salem, colonial leaders began to worry that the witch-hunts were out of control. When the bewitched girls accused Samuel Willard, the devoted pastor of Boston's First Church and president of Harvard College, the magistrates decided that something was wrong. Com as acusações se espalhandopor Salem, oslíderesdacolôniacomeçaram a se preocupar com a caçaàsbruxassair do controle. Quando as garotasenfeitiçadasacusaram Samuel Willard, o devoto pastor daprimeiraigreja de Boston e presidentedafaculdade de Harvard, osjuízesperceberamquealgoestavaerrado.

20. The governor himself intervened when his own wife was accused of worshipping the devil. He disbanded the special court that was responsible for the witch-hunt and released the remaining suspects. A year after it had started, the terrible witch-hunt was finally over. There was never another witch-hunt like it in the New England colonies. In Europe, however, witches were still being executed in the 18th century. O própriogovernadorinterferiuquandosuamulherfoiacusada de adoraraodemônio. Eledispensou a corte especial quefoiresponsávelpelacaçaàsbruxas e libertouossuspeitos. Um anodepoisquetudocomeçou, a terrívelcaçaàsbruxasterminou. Nuncahouveoutracaçaàsbruxascomo a das colôniasda Nova Inglaterra. Na Europa, no entanto, as bruxasaindaeramexecutadas no século XVIII.

21. Arthur Miller, the famous American playwright, wrote a play about the Salem witch trials, called The Crucible. A film, based on the play, was produced. Arthur Miller, famoso escritor americano, escreveu uma peça sobre os julgamentos das bruxas de Salém, chamada The Crucible. Um filme, baseado na peça, foi produzido.

23. Biographical Information Relating to Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 04, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. Nathaniel Hawthorne nasceu no dia 04 de julho de 1804 em Salém, Massachusetts.

24. HAWTHORNE E O SEU PASSADO

25. “A bitter persecutor of Quakers.” Hawthorne Major William Hathorne(Hawthorne’s paternal forefather: c.1606-1681) William Hathorne arrived in the New World in 1630. William Hathornechegouao novo mundoem 1630. He is remembered for ordering the whipping of Ann Coleman. Ele é lembradoporordenar o açoite de Ann Coleman.

26. “Main Street”, “The Custom House” sketch and “Young Goodman Brown”, Hawthorne refers to this ancestor as a persecutor of Quakers. • “Main Street”, “The Custom House”, Young Goodman Brown”, Hawthorne faz referências aos seus ancestrais como perseguidores dos Quakers.

27. Justice John Hathorne (son of Major William Hathorne and Hawthorne’s paternal great-great-grandfather: 1641-1717) • John Hathorne became a prosperous merchant in Salem and a judge on the Superior Court. • John Hathorne se tornou um comercianteprósperoemSaléme um juíznacortesuprema. Salem witch trials

28. He is best known as the “witch judge” as he was a magistrate of the Court of Oyer and Terminer and the chief interrogator of the accused witches in the Salem witchcraft hysteria of 1692. Ele é conhecidocomo ‘o juiz das bruxas’. Ele era um dos magistradosdacorte de Oyer e Terminer e chefe do interrogatório dos acusados de bruxarianahisteria de Salémem 1692.

29. Hawthorne x Hathorne The story that Hawthorne added the “w” to his name to distance himself from his Hathorne ancestors has no clear evidence to support it. We do know that in October, 1830, he published “Sights from a Steeple” in The Token, and in November he published “The Hollow of the Three Hills” in The Salem Gazette, both under the name of Nathaniel Hathorne. After this date, however, his name appears as Nathaniel Hawthorne. A história que Hawthorne adicionou a letra ‘w no seu nome para se distanciar dos seus ancestrais não possui clara evidênia. Sabemos que em outubro de 1830, ele publicou Sights from a Steeple” e em novembro “The hollow of the three hills” na Gazeta de Salém, ambos com o mesmo nome Nathaniel Hathorne. Depois desta data, no entato, seu nome aparece como Nathaniel Hawthorne.

30. HAWTHORNE VIDA E OBRAS

31. Hawthorne was always a reader. While convalescing from his foot injury as an adolescent, Hawthorne read prodigiously. Shakespeare, Spenser, Scott, and Rousseau were all on the list, but his favorites were Bunyan and Montaigne. Hawthorne semprefoi um leitor. Enquanto se recuperava de um ferimento no péquandoadolecente, Hawthorne leuprodigiosamente. Shakespeare, Spenser, Scott e Rousseau estavamemsualista, masseusfavoritoseram Bunyan e Montaigne.

32. Between late August and late September of 1820, Hawthorne and his sister, Louisa, published seven issues of The Spectator, a witty imitation of the Salem Gazette containing short literary pieces, news, and advertisements, and circulated it to members of the family. Although revealing Hawthorne’s comic side, pieces in The Spectator often focused on death. • Entre o final de agosto e setembro de 1820, Hawthorne e sua irmã, Louisa, publicaram sete ediçõs de “The spectator”, uma inteligente reprodução da Gazeta de Salém contendo curtas peças literárias, notícias, anúncios e era circulado entre os membros da família. Apesar de revelar o lado cômico de Hawthorne, as peças no The Spectator sempre focava a morte.

34. One poem, in the last issue of The Spectator, seems likely to refer to this early tragedy in Hawthorne’s life: Um poema, naúltimaedição, parecereferir-se à umatragédiaqueaconteceracedonavida de Hawthorne:

35. The billowy Ocean rolls its wave, O oceano revolto agita suas ondas, Above the shipwreck’d Sailor’s Grave, Sobre o náufrago túmulo do marinheiro, Around him ever roars the Deep, Ao seu redor ruge a Profundeza, And lulls his wearied form to sleep, Que embala sua figura exausta para dormir, Low in the deep Sea’s darkest dell, Na profundeza do vale mais escuro do mar, He hears no more the tempest swell. Ele não mais escutará a tempestade se aproximar.

36. After graduating from Bowdoin College in 1825, he returned to his Salem home, living in semi-seclusion and writing. His work received little public recognition. Hawthorne attempted to destroy all copies of his novel Fanshawe (1828), which he had published at his own expenses. • Depois de sua graduação em 1825 na Faculdade Bowdoin, retornou a Salém, vivendo em uma quase reclusão e escrevendo. Seu trabalho recebeu pouco reconhecimento público. Hawthorne tentou destruir todas as cópias de sua novela Fanshawe que foi publicada com seus próprios recursos.

37. During this period he also contributed articles and short stories to periodicals. Several of the stories were published in Twice-Told Tales (1837), which, although not a financial success, established Hawthorne as a leading writer. • Durante esteperíodoeletambémcontribuiu com artigo e pequenashistóriasparaperíodicos. Váriashistóriasforampublicadasem Twice-Told Tales, o qual, apesar de nãotersido um sucessofinanceiro, estabeleceu Hawthorne como um escritor de liderança.

38. In 1842 Hawthorne became friend with the Transcendentalists in Concord, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, who also drew on the Puritan legacy. • Em 1842 Hawthorne se tornou amigo dos Transcendentalistas, Ralph Waldo Emersone Henry David Thoreau, quetambémdescreveramsobre o legadopuritano. Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau

39. In 1846 Hawthorne worked as a surveyor of the Salem Custom House. • In 1853 Franklin Pierce became President. Hawthorne, who had written a campaign biography for him, was appointed as consul in Liverpool, England. He lived there for four years, and then spent a year and half in Italy writing The Marble Faun (1860). • Em 1846 Hawthorne trabalhou como inspetor na alfândega de Salém. • Em 1853 Franklin Pierce se torna presidente. Hawthorne, que escreveu uma biografia de campanha para ele, foi eleito consul em Liverpool, Inglaterra. Ele morou lá por quatro anos e então passou um ano e meio na Itália escrevendo The Marble Faun.

40. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, N.H. on a trip to the mountains with his friend Franklin Pierce. • After his death, Sophia Hawthorne edited and published his notebooks. • Hawthorne morreudia 19 de Maio de 1864 em Plymouth, NH emumaviagempara as montanhas com seu amigo Franklin Pierce. • Depois de suamorte, Sophia Hawthorne editou e publicouseusmateriais.

41. Hawthorne’s Literary Times Época literária de Hawthorne HawthornewroteduringtheRomanticPeriod in Americanliteraturewhichlastedfrom 1830 to 1865. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, HermanMelville, HarrietBeecher Stowe, Edgar Allen Poe and Walt Whitman werehisliterarycontemporaries. Hawthorne escreveu durante o período romantico na literatura americana que durou de 1830 a 1865. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, HermanMelville, HarrietBeecher Stowe, Edgar Allen Poe foram seus literários contemporâneos.

42. Hawthorne’s literary career and works Carreira literária e obras de Hawthorne • Fanshawe (1828) – First work of his youth. • Twice-told Tales (1837) was praised by Edgar Allan Poe in Graham’s Magazine. “We know of few compositions which the critic can more honestly commend that these Twice-Told Tales,” Poe stated. “As Americans, we feel proud of the book.” • Fanshawe – primeiro trabalho de sua juventude. • Twice-told tales – foi elogiado por Edgar A. Poe na revista Graham. “Conhecemos poucas composições cuja crítica pode recomendar mais que estas em Twice-told tales” afirma Poe. “Como americanos, nos sentimos orgulhosos com este livro.”

43. Among Hawthorne’s most widely anthologized stories are Young Goodman Brown (1835), originally published in the New-England Magazine, The Birthmark (1843), published in Pioneer, and Rappaccini’s Daughter (1844), which first appeared in Democratic Review, and was collected in Mosses From an Old Manse (1846). • Entre as maiores histórias de Hawthorne estão Young Goodman Brown, originalmente publiada na revista New-England, The birthmark publicada no Pioneer e Rappaccini’s Daughter que apareceu primeiramente na Democrati Review e foi compilada em Mosses from an old manse.

44. Hawthorne’s carrer as a novelist was boosted by The Scarlet Letter in 1850. • A carreiracomoromancistalevantou com A letraescarlate.

45. The Scarlet Letter attained an immediate and lasting success because it addressed spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint. In 1850, adultery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment. The Scarlet Letter represents the height of Hawthorne’s literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme. • A letra escarlate atingiu um sucesso imediato e duradouro porque abordava questões morais e espirituais sobre um ponto de vista americano unânime. Em 1850, o adultério era um assunto estremamente arriscado, mas Hawthorne tinha o apoio da instituição literária da Nova Inglaterra. A letra escarlate representa o auge da genialidade literária de Hawthorne; denso em descrições sintetizadas. E mantem relevante por sua profundidade filosófica e psicológica, e continua a ser lida como um conto clássico de tema universal.