Energy : Forms & Conversions

1. Energy: Forms & Conversions

2. Nature of Energy • Energy is all around you! • You can hear energy as sound. • You can see energy as light. • And you can feel it as wind.

3. Nature of Energy • You use energy when you: • hit a baseball. • lift your book bag. • compress a spring.

4. Nature of Energy Living organisms need energy for growth and movement.

5. Nature of Energy • Energy is involved when: • a bird flies. • a bomb explodes.. • electricity flows in a wire. • rain falls from the sky.

6. Nature of Energy • What is energy that it can be involved in so many different activities? • Energy can be defined as the ability to do work. • If an object or organism does work (exerts a force over a distance to move an object) the object or organism uses energy.

7. Nature of Energy • Because of the direct connection between energy and work, energy is measured in the same unit as work: joules (J). • In addition to using energy to do work, objects gain energy because work is being done on them.

8. Forms of Energy • The main forms of energy are: • Mechanical • Thermal (Heat) • Chemical • Electrical or Electromagnetic • Sound • Light • Nuclear

9. Mechanical Energy • This is the total energy of motion (kinetic) and position (potential). • Mechanical energy can be all potential, or all kinetic or some of both • When work is done to an object, it acquires energy. The energy it acquires is known as mechanical energy.

10. Mechanical = Potential + Kinetic • All forms of energy can be in either of two states: • Potential • Kinetic The most common energy conversion is the conversion between potential and kinetic energy.

11. Mechanical Energy • When you kick a football, you give mechanical energy to the football to make it move.

12. Mechanical Energy When you throw a bowling ball, you give it energy. When that bowling ball hits the pins, some of the energy is transferred to the pins.

13. Kinetic Energy • The energy of motion is called kinetic energy. • The faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has. • The greater the mass of a moving object, the more kinetic energy it has. • Kinetic energy depends on both mass and velocity.

14. Kinetic Energy K.E. = mass x velocity 2 What has a greater affect of kinetic energy, mass or velocity? Why? 2

15. Potential Energy • Potential Energy is energy not yet in motion - “stored” energy. • Potential energy is stored chemically in fuel, the nucleus of atom, and in foods. • Or stored because of the work done (energy transferred) on it: • Stretching a rubber band. • Winding a watch. • Pulling back on a bow’s arrow. • Lifting a brick high in the air.

16. Potential Energy • Energy that is stored due to being stretched or compressed is called elastic potential energy.

17. Kinetic-Potential Energy Conversion • To begin -- the cars are pulled mechanically up the tallest hill, giving them a great deal of potential energy. • From that point, the conversion between potential and kinetic energy powers the cars throughout the entire ride.

18. Kinetic vs. Potential Energy At the point of maximum (greatest) potential energy, the car has minimum (least) kinetic energy.

19. Ball speeds up Ball slows down

20. Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) • Potential energy that’s dependent on height (position) is gravitational potential energy. • When you lift an object, you’re working against gravity and you transfer energy to it – giving it gravitational P.E.

21. Thermal (Heat) Energy • The internal motion of the atoms is called heat energy, because moving particles produce heat. • Heat energy can be produced by friction. • Heat energy causes changes in temperature and phase of any form of matter.

22. Chemical Energy • Chemical Energy is required to bond atoms together. • And when bonds are broken, energy is released.

23. Chemical Energy • Forms of stored chemical energy. - Food - Fuel

24. Electric Energy • Electrical energy is the energy of moving electrons (negatively charged atomic particles • Power lines carry electric energy into your home in the form of electricity.

25. Light Energy • Light energy is produced by the vibrations of electrically charged particles • Light represents a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum. • The vibrations that transmit light don’t need to be carried though matter…can move through space (vacuum)

26. Electromagnetic (EM) Energy • Light is a form of electromagnetic energy • This energy is transferred by EM waves • The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of EM waves (transmitting energy) at their various frequencies • Radio waves, microwaves, X rays and Gamma rays all carry electromagnetic energy, and they are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

27. Nuclear Energy • The nucleus of an atom is the source of nuclear energy. • When the nucleus splits (fission), nuclear energy is released in the form of heat energy and light energy. • Nuclear energy is also released when nuclei collide at high speeds and join (fuse - or fusion).

28. Nuclear Energy The sun’s energy is produced from a nuclear fusion reaction in which hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium nuclei.

29. Nuclear Energy • Nuclear energy is the most concentrated form of energy. The closest nuclear power plant to Atlanta is the Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Power Plant near Augusta, GA, named for Southern Company board chairman, Alvin Vogtle. It has been operational since 1989, and the combined output (2 reactors) is around 2,430 MW. The twin cooling towers are 548 ft (167 m) tall.

30. Nuclear Energy

31. Sound Energy • Energy caused by an objects vibrations. • This kinetic energy is transferred to the air around it. • The air particles also vibrate and transmit this energy to your ear.

32. Energy Conversion • Energy can be changed from one form to another. • Changes in the form of energy are called energy conversions.

33. Energy conversions All forms of energy can be converted into other forms. Sun: Nuclear (fusion) Energy –-> Electromagnetic Energy and Thermal Energy • The sun’s energy (electromagnetic) through solar cells can be converted directly into electricity.

34. Other Energy Conversions • Green plantsconvert the sun’s energy (electromagnetic) into starches and sugars (chemical energy). • In a battery, chemical energyis converted into electromagnetic energy which is then converted into light and thermal energy • The mechanical energy (kinetic/potential)of a waterfall is converted to electrical energy in a hydroelectric generator.

35. Energy Conversions • In an automobile engine, fuel (stored potential chemical energy) is burned - converting chemical energy into heat energy. • The heat energy is then changed into mechanical energy which enables the car to run.

36. Chemical  Heat Mechanical

37. Energy Transfer Name the conversions here…

38. Name the conversions here…

39. Energy Transfer Name the conversions here…

40. Energy Transfer Name the conversions here…

41. The Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can be neither created nor destroyed by ordinary means. • It can only be converted from one form to another. • If energy seems to disappear, then scientists look for it – leading to many important discoveries.

42. PhotoStory ~ Energy Conversion Tell the story of energy conversion s from the energy from the sun (nuclear) to an electrical device used in your home and the conversions it results it. The story…

43. E = MC ² • In 1905, Albert Einstein said that mass and energy can be converted into each other. • He showed that if matter is destroyed, energy is created, and if energy is destroyed mass is created. 2 • E = MC

44. Vocabulary Words • energy • mechanical energy • heat energy • chemical energy • electromagnetic energy • nuclear energy • kinetic energy • potential energy • gravitational potential energy • energy conversion • Law of Conservation of Energy