REVOLUTIONS of 1848

1. REVOLUTIONS of 1848 • FRANCE • February 1848 sees revolution against Louis Philippe and his corrupt minister Guizot • Workers unite to protest high food prices and unemployment • Result: LP abdicates NATIONAL ASSEMBLY takes control • Spring of 1848 leads to more uprisings:JUNE DAYS • 1851 through plebiscite Second Republic under Louis Napoleon begins – he will become NAPOLEON III by 1852

2. Everywhere else…. • AUSTRIAN EMPIRE: Revolts in Hungary, Bohemia and Northern Italy • All signify the need for change within the empire and the push toward NATIONALISM

3. Why do the Revolutions of 1848 fail? • Also called “the Springtime of the people” • Liberals tend to lead the revolutions • Coalitions are built up by liberals, radicals, workers and students while the revolutions are on….HOWEVER • Once the revolution has success their united front falls apart • WHY? Liberals don’t want to lose property • PBARF keeps liberals and nationalists in check with their conservative policies

4. Louis Philippe vs. Louis Napoleon

5. Make a case for each:Nationalism is a divisive force.Nationalism promotes unification. Crimean War Italian Unification German Unification

6. Crimean War (1853-1856) • A case of GEOPOLITICS • Geopolitics = interest in or taking of a land for its resources and location • NOBLE: Russia wants to protect holy sites that are found in the Ottoman Empire • REAL: Russia wants to expand into the DARDANELLES – access to the Black Sea gives them a highway to the Mediterranean Sea

8. Russia vs. everyone • Britain, France and Russia had once united to save Greece from Ottoman control • Britain and France team up with the Ottoman’s and declare war on Russia • WHY WOULD THEY DO THIS??????

9. Peace at a price • Treaty of Paris (1856) dictates the Russian surrender • Sets the tone for future threats to the status quo in Europe – Nationalism is on the rise • ITALY and GERMANY will become nations • Concert of Europe is SILENCED

10. NATIONALISM DEFINED • A NATIONALITY IS UNITED BY: • Language • Traditions • Customs • Religion

11. ITALIAN UNIFICATION

12. ITALIAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENT • GOAL: FREE FROM AUSTRIAN DOMINATION • CONGRESS OF VIENNA VIEWED ITALY AS A “GEOGRAPHICAL EXPRESSION” - Metternich • ITALY WAS A DIVIDED NATION: • AUSTRIA • CHURCH

13. PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES • EARLY EFFORTS • CARBONARI • SECRET SOCIETY OF LIMITED MEMBERSHIP • WANTED ITALIAN REPUBLIC • YOUNG ITALY • FOUNDED BY MAZZINI • USED PROPAGANDA TO SPREAD NATIONALISM AMONG PEOPLE OF ITALY

14. THE SOUL, THE BRAIN & THE SWORD • THREE INDIVIDUALS CREDITED WITH ITALIAN UNIFICATION: • MAZZINI (romantic republican) • YOUNG ITALY • WANTS: DEM. REPBULIC • CAVOUR (realist – moderately liberal) • PRIMEMINSTER OF SARDINIA • WANTS: CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY • GARIBALDI (romantic republican) • RED SHIRTS – fight for Italy

15. An (almost) unified Italy • Combination of alliances and nationalist revolts create a unified ITALY • By 1860 the north and south are unified : • NORTH: VICTOR EMMANUEL II • SOUTH: GARIBALDI • By 1866 Venice comes in • Finally in 1870 Rome joins the unified nation • Rome feared loss of power: French troops protecting Rome had to go home and fight PRUSSIA

16. Slow steps to unification • First, land that was controlled by Austria needed to be made free • Then, all Italian states had to agree to unification • Finally, a leader needed to be chosen • THE LEADER WILL BE SARDINIA’S KING: • VICTOR EMMANUEL II

17. Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II

18. GERMAN UNIFICATION

19. German Unification: EARLY EFFORTS • Zollverein (1819) • Provided economic unity among the states of the German Confederation • Locked out the opposition (AUSTRIA) and kept trade free for members • Support of the Junkers • Prussian nobility began to see the benefits of unification – if Prussia could lead the way that is

20. ENTER….THE IRON CHANCELLOR • OTTO von BISMARCK • JUNKER • 1862: Appointed by Kaiser Wilhelm to position of Chancellor • Opposed liberalism • FIRST TASK: • Strengthen MILITARY

22. OBSTACLES TO UNIFICATION • NORTHERN GERMANY • Mostly Protestant • SOUTHERN GERMANY • Mostly Catholic (MINORITY) • AUSTRIAN ISSUE • Carlsbad Decrees, loss of influence in affairs of the German Confederation • FRENCH CONCERN • United Germany would challenge their authority

23. MEANS OF UNIFICATION…. • IRON and BLOOD • WARS of German Unification: • 1864: DANISH WAR • Prussia and Austria vs. Denmark • Joint ownership of Schleswig-Holstein • 1866: AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR • AKA Seven Weeks’ War • Get back Schleswig-Holstein • Venetia goes to Italy • 1870-1871: FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR

24. Franco-Prussian War • Most damaging overall of all the wars • EMS DISPATCH sets off the war • Provoked France’s Napoleon III into war with Prussia • Treaty of Frankfurt ends the war • France gives Alsace and Lorrain to Germany • France pays Germany reparations ***PLANTS THE SEEDS FOR WORLD WAR I**** REVENGE

25. GERMANY • Two house legislature established in 1867, just after the Austro-Prussian War • BUNDERSRAT • Upper house, members appointed by states • REICHSTAG • Lower house, members chosen by universal male suffrage

26. FRANCE’S THIRD REPUBLIC

27. FRANCE’S SECOND REPUBLIC • Led by Napoleon III (1852-1870) • Mild dictatorship • Allowed elections, but censored press • Allowed constitution, but controlled state elections • Saved the country’s ailing economy early on • Improved bank system and encouraged trade

28. BUT……DOWNFALL…. • NAPOLEON’S BLUNDERS: • MAXIMILIAN AFFAIR • OPPOSITION TO THE UNIFICATION OF : • ITALY AND GERMANY • WAR AND LOSS OF CONTINENTAL PRESTIGE WILL END HIS REIGN……

29. TROUBLE…..IN MEXICO • 1863 THE MAXIMILAN AFFAIR • NAPOLEON VIOLATES MONROE DOCTRINE BY SETTING UP PUPPET GOVERNMENT IN MEXICO • MAXIMILIAN HAPSBURG IS MADE KING OF MEXICO • FRANCE FORCED TO COME OUT….MAX IS KILLED • EMPEROR IS OUT

30. PARIS COMMUNE to NATIONAL ASSEMBLY to the THIRD REPUBLIC • 1870 turning point in France • Franco-Prussian war is lost • Paris Commune vs. National Assembly • PC wants Paris to be governed separately • NA wants France to be governed as one nation • Third Republic established with a president and a two house legislature

31. Declaring the3rd French Republic

32. The Boulanger Affair (1887) • Georges Boulanger – CONSERVATIVE • Attempted a COUP D’ETAT of the Republic • Failed and was to be put on trial • Fled to Belgium and committed suicide to avoid prison or worse • RESULT: strengthened the REPUBLIC

33. 1898 The Dreyfus Affair : Corruption in the system • Alfred Dreyfus: • Jewish Captain in the French army accused of having given up top secret documents to Germans • NOT TRUE – but army, church and newspapers fueled by anti-Semitism claim guilt • EMILE ZOLA wrote J’Accuse : supported Dreyfus and condemned the accusers

34. The Zionist Movement • Was motivated by the Dreyfus trial to write the book, Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish Statein 1896. • Creates the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland. • “Father of Modern Zionism.” Theodore Herzl[1860-1904]

35. RUSSIA

36. RUSSIA • Question: Does it pay to be nice? • Alexander II (r. 1855-1881) • 1861 : Abolished serfdom (EDICT OF EMANCIPATION) • Reformed government by creating ZEMSTVOS, which were local councils to oversee matters in the provinces • Allowed for a sort of “golden age” of literature: LEO TOLSTOY and FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY • Alexander II is assassinated in 1881 by revolutionaries

37. Tsar Alexander III • r. 1881 - 1894 • Returns to the policies of his grandfather Nicholas I – autocrat • Pursues policy of RUSSIFICATION • Like Catherine the Great forces Jewish population into specific regions

38. The PALE THE PALE was the region in NORTH WEST RUSSIA that held Russian Jews during the reign of Alexander III

39. GREAT BRITAIN:New Reforms

40. The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867

41. Great Britain and the Irish Question • Second Reform Act (1867) • Benjamin Disraeli vs. William Gladstone • BD = CONSERVATIVE • WG = LIBERAL • IRISH QUESTION • Charles Stewart Parnell called for HOME RULE • HOME RULE =

42. BEST HAIR OF THE 19th CENTURY