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Energy: Types, Laws, Efficiency, and Enzymes

This text explores different types of energy, the laws of thermodynamics, energy efficiency, and the role of enzymes in accelerating chemical reactions.

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Energy: Types, Laws, Efficiency, and Enzymes

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  1. Energy BIO 1113/1114 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson

  2. Energy • The ability to do work • The capacity to bring about movement against an opposing force

  3. Plants get energy from the sun

  4. Animals Eat Food

  5. Types of Energy • Chemical Energy • Energy stored in chemical bonds • Electrical Energy • Energy in electricity • Solar energy • Energy from the sun • Nuclear Energy • Energy from the nucleus of an atom

  6. Energy Categories • Potential Energy • Energy that is stored • Battery • Food • Kinetic Energy • Energy of motion • Car moving • Animal walking

  7. What type of energy is this? Kinetic Energy

  8. What type of energy is in the drawn bow? Potential Energy

  9. First Law of Thermodynamics • Energy cannot be created or destroyed • It can be converted from one form to another • Chemical energy in gas changed to mechanical energy to move a car • Chemical energy in food is converted to mechanical energy to move muscles • Electrical energy converted into light in a light bulb

  10. Figure 6.3Energy Efficiency conventional power plant 34% human respiration of glucose 37% 25% automobile engine

  11. Second Law of Thermodynamics • In yielding energy, matter goes from a more-ordered state to a less-ordered state • Glucose is an organized molecule • When it is used for energy in our bodies it is change to simpler molecules of carbon dioxide and water • Burning coal produces ashes • Entropy (disorder) increases

  12. Figure 6.2The Transformations of Energy 3. Mechanical energy 2. Heat energy piston-driven flywheel heat heat coal steam motion Total energy is constant. 1. Chemical bond energy Entropy increases.

  13. Carbon Dioxide Water Entropy Increases Energy Glucose

  14. Glucose Carbon Dioxide Water Entropy Decreases Energy from sun

  15. Which is in a higher state of organization?

  16. Figure 6.4Energy Stored and Released Product (glycogen) contains more energy than the reactants (glucose). glycogen molecule endergonic reaction energy in energy out exergonic reaction glucose molecules Product (glucose) contains less energy than the reactants (glycogen).

  17. Figure 6.6Life’s Most Important Energy Transfer Molecule phosphate groups adenine adenosine H2O + ribose ATP endergonic reaction energy in exergonic reaction energy out ADP

  18. Enzymes • Speed up chemical reactions • Lower the energy of activation

  19. Figure 6.9Enzymes Accelerate Chemical Reactions (a) Without enzyme lactose glucose + galactose activation energy without enzyme net energy released from splitting of lactose (b) With enzyme lactase lactose glucose + galactose activation energy with enzyme net energy released

  20. The End

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