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Global Telecommunications Regulation

Global Telecommunications Regulation. TCOM 5173 International Organizations and Regulatory Bodies 31 March 2004. The Dictator’s Dilemma. Cooperation and Comity. Why nations decide to cooperate Net gain in market access and earnings Lack confidence that they can dominate

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Global Telecommunications Regulation

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  1. Global Telecommunications Regulation TCOM 5173 International Organizations and Regulatory Bodies 31 March 2004 (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  2. The Dictator’s Dilemma (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  3. Cooperation and Comity • Why nations decide to cooperate • Net gain in market access and earnings • Lack confidence that they can dominate • Enlightened self-interest • Standards promote economies of scale • Desire to be a good “global citizen” • Many resources (e.g. frequencies) must be shared (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  4. Benefits of Standards • Businesses • Streamlines product development • Compete in worldwide markets • Customers • Benefit from competition among suppliers • Governments • Technological basis for health, safety, and environmental legislation (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  5. More Benefits of Standards • Trade • Reduce non-tariff barriers to trade • Developing countries • Facilitate prudent investment in resources/technology • Everyone • Contribute to quality of life • Standards on air, water, gases, radiation, etc., contribute to preserving the environment (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  6. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) • Founded in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union • Took present name in 1932 • Specialized Agency of the UN since 1947 under the Economic and Social Council • Governed by the ITU “Constitution” and “Convention” adopted in 1989 • CCITT, CCIR and IFRB combined with ITU in 1992 (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  7. ITU Membership • 189 Member countries • 652 “Sector” Members • Recognized private operating agencies (A service provider under Article 6 of the ITU Constitution (e.g., AT&T)) • Scientific or Industrial organizations (Engaged in the study of telecom problems, or design or manufacture of equipment for telecom services) • 79 “Associate Sector” Members (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  8. Work of the ITU • Establish operating standards & regulations • Dissemination of information • Promote the development of worldwide telecommunications • Offer technical assistance • Facilitate international cooperation • Promote the use of telecommunications to support peaceful relations • Harmonize the actions of members in the attainment of these common goals (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  9. Specific Tasks for the ITU (1) • Allocate terrestrial radio frequency spectrum • Allot and register satellite frequencies and orbital position • Coordinate efforts to eliminate harmful radio station interference • Facilitate worldwide standardization to achieve satisfactory quality of service • Investigate improving the use of RF spectrum • Promote measures to ensure safety of life (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  10. Specific Tasks for the ITU (2) • Foster collaboration to establish rates as low as possible • Promote cooperation for training in under-developed countries • Cooperate with financial organizations to promote credit for bringing telecommuni-cations to isolated areas • Undertake studies, make regulations, adopt resolutions, and issue opinions • Collect and publish telecoms information (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  11. ITU Organization Plenipotentiary Conference Council World Conferences Council World/Regional Radiocommunication Conferences World Telecommunications Standardization Assemblies World Telecommunication Development Conferences Advisory Groups and Study Groups (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  12. ITU Organization (Continued) Secretary General Deputy Secretary General Director Radiocommunication Bureau Director Telecommunication Standardization Bureau Director Telecommunication Development Bureau Sectors Radiocommunications Telecommunications Development (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  13. ITU Meetings Structure • ITU Plenipotentiary Conference • World Conference on International Telecom • Administrative conferences • World • Radio • Telephone • Regional • Radio • Telephone • ITU-R Plenary • Special Autonomous Groups (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  14. ITU Meetings Structure (Cont’d) • ITU-T Plenary • Regional Tariff Groups • World Plan Committees • Study Groups • Joint Study Groups • National Study Groups • Working Parties • Interim Working Parties • Sub-working Parties (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  15. ITU Functions (1) • Plenipotentiary Conferences • Full formal meeting (about every four years) • Adopt fundamental policies • Reviews work since last session • Revises the Constitution and Convention if necessary • Develops a five year working plan • Establishes the budget for on-going operations • Elects the Administrative Council (46 members, who serve until the next plenipotentiary conference) • Elects the IFRB (five independent radio experts) (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  16. ITU Functions (2) • Administrative Council • Meets annually in Geneva • Considers broad policy issues between plenipotentiary conferences • Implements the Constitution and Convention • Financial Control of the Secretariat • Coordinates activities of the permanent organs at the headquarters • Panels of experts on particular matters of importance (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  17. ITU Functions (3) • General Secretariat • Directed by the Secretary General • Operations • External relations • Legal representative of the ITU • Finance and administrative services • Coordination Committee • Secretary General • Deputy Secretary General • Directors of the ITU-T, ITU-R, and IRFB (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  18. The Radiocommunications Sector • Objective • To ensure rational, equitable, efficient and economic use of the RF spectrum by all users • Functions • Monitor spectrum utilization • Maintain the IFRB Master Frequency Register • Provide frequency management advice to members • Analyze possible frequency interference • Record all geostationary satellite positions (slots) • Issues Radio Regulations (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  19. The Radiocommunications Sector • Services covered • Broadcast (radio and television) • Fixed satellite services (GSO orbits) • Mobile satellite services (NGS orbits) • LEO, MEO, HEO • Mobile services (cell phones, taxis, air/ground) • Terrestrial radio (microwave, etc.) • Standard frequency and time signals • Antenna patterns for earth stations and satellites • Standards for digital coding (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  20. ITU-R Structure • Advisory Board • Radiocommunications bureau • Nine Study Groups • Intersector coordination groups (ICG) • Future public land mobile telecommunications systems (FPLMTS) • ISDN and satellite matters (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  21. ITU-R Study Groups • SG1 Spectrum management • SG2 Interservice sharing and compatibility • SG 3 Radio wave propagation • SG 4 Fixed satellite service • SG 7 Science services • SG 8 Mobile, radio determination, amateur • SG 9 Fixed service • SG 10 Broadcast services (sound) • SG 11 Broadcast services (television) (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  22. The Standardization Sector • Objective • To study technical, operating and tariff questions and to issue recommendations on them with a view of standardizing telecommunications on a world-wide basis • Functions • Develop standards • Issue recommendations • Give special attention to developing countries • Respond to requests for advice on national systems • Allocate study group resources (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  23. The Standardization Sector • Services covered • Network operation • Network management • Switching and signaling • ISDN • Transmission performance • Tariffs and accounting principles • Maintenance • Outside plant (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  24. ITU-T Structure • Secretary General and Deputy Secretary General • Telecommunications Standardization Bureau (Secretariat) • Organize meetings • General support services • Publish and distribute documents • Telecommunications Standardization Advisory Group • Council • Fifteen Study Groups (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  25. ITU-T Study Groups • SG 1 Service Definition • SG 2 Network Operation • SG 3 Tariff and Accounting Principles • SG 4 Network Maintenance • SG 5 Protection against electromagnetic environmental effects • SG 6 Outside Plant • SG 7 Data networks and open systems communications (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  26. More ITU-T Study Groups • SG 8 Terminals for Telematic Services • SG 9 Television and sound transmission • SG 10 Languages for telecommunications applications • SG 11 Switching and Signaling • SG 12 End-to-end Transmission Performance • SG 13 General Network Aspects • SG 14 Modems and transmission techniques • SG 15 Transmission systems and equipment (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  27. ITU-T Joint Coordination Groups • UPT - Universal Personal Telecommunications • TMN - Telecommunications Management Network • AVMMS - Audiovisual and multimedia services • NP - Quality of Service and Network Performance • ATM/B-ISDN - Broadband ISDN (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  28. ITU-T Standardization Work • Study groups may have 100-500 members • Deal with 20-50 standards simultaneously • Work divided among “working parties” (WP) • WP further divided into Experts Groups (Deal with a single topic or “question”) • Result is a “recommendation” to (indicate their legal nonbinding nature) (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  29. ITU-T Recommendations • Complete about 550 per year • Arranged in 25 categories • 2 500 recommendations – 62 000+ pages • 370 annexes/changes, etc – 6 000 pages • 330 Recommendations parallel with ISO/IEC standards • ITU sells about 7 000 copies per year (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  30. The Development Sector • Objective • To encourage international cooperation with a view toward harmonizing and enhancing the development of telecommunication services and facilities. • Functions • World development conferences • Promote world-wide expansion • Facilitate technology transfer to developing nations • Coordinate with global financing agencies (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  31. The Development Sector • Activities • Offer advice on technical, economic, financial, managerial, regulatory and policy issues • Organize advisory groups • Assist under developed countries with project proposals for funding for telecom projects (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  32. The Valletta Action Plan (1998) • Reform, legislation and regulation • Technologies and GII development • Global mobile personal communication by satellite and internet • Rural development and universal access • Finance and economics – WTO issues, tariffs and accounting rates • Development partnerships with the private sector • HR resources development, emphasis on CBT (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  33. The ITU Looking Forward • Kyoto Plenipotentiary 1994 • World Telecommunications Policy Forum (ad hoc) • 1996 – Geneva - Global PCS by satellite • 1998 – Geneva – trade in telecommunications services • 2001 – IP Telephony • No funding for WTPF after 2003 • Minneapolis Plenipotentiary – 1998 • World Summit on the Information Society • Ad hoc gathering to harmonize policies • Plenipotentiary establishes the schedule • Council determines the topic(s) (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  34. ITU Conclusions • Suffers from the “international civil service” syndrome • Not keeping pace with world developments • How will an inter-governmental organization cope with a deregulated and increasingly commercialized marketplace? (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  35. Other International Organizations • International Organization for Standards (ISO) • Organized in 1947 • 148 current members - one standards body per member country. • Correspondent members • 14,000 different standards to date • Several hundred new standards published annually • “Decisions” on standards are: • Industrywide • Reached by consensus • Voluntary (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  36. ISO Organization • General Assembly • Meets triennially, three delegates per member, but observers may attend • Elects the 18 member Council • The Council • President, Vice President, Treasurer • 18 elected members • Executive Board • Vice President and nine other appointees • Reports to The Council (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  37. ISO Organization (More) • Technical Advisory Groups • Currently 11 groups • TAG 11 covers Information Technology • Technical Committees • Working Groups • Central Secretariat • Council Committees • Committee on Standardization Principles (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  38. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) • Organized in 1904 • Covers power, electronics, telecommunications and nuclear energy • Major activities • Develop common means of expression and nomenclature, units, symbols and abbreviations • Standardization of electrical equipment proper, methods of test, quality and safety. (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  39. ISO/IEC JTC1 • International Organization for Standards • Comprised of national standards bodies (ANSI) • 170 technical committees established by the ISO Council • Excludes electrical and electronics (mainly IT) • International Electrotechnical Committee • Comprised of national committees (one from each member country) • 80 technical committees • ISO/IEC/JTC1 has 18 subcommittees (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  40. European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) • Founded on the EC 1987 “Green Paper” • Often develops standards which become the basis of EU legislation (e.g. for public procurements) • May develop nonbinding voluntary standards • May endorse an ITU standard • Closely coordinates with the ITU if on parallel tracks (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  41. ETSI (Continued) • The General Assembly • Establishes policy • Appoints the Director and Deputy • Adopts the budget • The Technical Assembly • Approves technical standards • Advises on work to be undertaken • Sets priorities (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  42. ETSI Organization General Assembly Technical Assembly Strategic Review Committee ETS/EBU Joint Tech Committee Intellectual Property Rights Com Program Advisory Committee ISDN Mgt and Coord Committee 11 Technical Committees (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  43. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) T1 Committee • Established in 1984 (coincident with Bell System breakup) • “Bell System Practices” (Standards) would no longer apply • Four types of members (Parties with direct and material interest) • Users and general interest groups • Manufacturers • Interexchange carriers • Local exchange carriers (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  44. ANSI T1 Subcommittee Structure • T1A1 - Performance and signal processing • T1E1 - Network interface • T1M1 - Interwork OAM&P • T1P1 - Systems engineering, standards planning and program management • T1S1 - Services, architecture, and signaling • T1X1 - Digital hierarchy and synchronization (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  45. ANSI T1 Committee Work • Currently have about 150 projects going • Advisory committee made up of two representatives from each interest group • Drafts candidate US technical contributions to the ITU (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  46. ANSI T1 Committee Work Flow American National Standards ANSI Committee T1 USA-ITU National Committees US Positions to the ITU Technical Reports (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  47. Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) • Member driven trade organization (over 1,000 member companies worldwide) • Services • Government relations • Market support • Educational programs • Standards setting activities • Policy formulated by 31 board members (selected from member companies) (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  48. TIA Committees • Membership scope and development • International • Marketing and trade shows • Public policy • Small Company • Technical • Numerous subcommittees (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  49. TIA Divisions • Address the legislative and regulatory concerns of product manufacturers and prepare standards dealing with compatibility • Divisions • User premises equipment • Network equipment • Wireless equipment • Fiber optics • Satellite communications (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

  50. Other International Organizations • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) • National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) • Federal Communications Commission (FCC) • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (c) 2004 Charles G. Gray

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