Announcements

1. Announcements • Fri 11/29, 6pm – SagipTulong Fundraiser @ WORLD BEAT CENTER (2100 Park Blvd, San Diego, CA 92101) - $5 donation • Fri 12/6, 6pm – CandlelightVigil @ UDW (4855 Seminole Drive, San Diego, CA 92115) • Finals Study Guide posted on course website • Schedule for remaining weeks: • Th 11/28: NO CLASS –  HAPPY THANKSGIVING! • T 12/3: Homebound, Ch 7 • Th 12/5: Homebound, Ch 8 • T 12/10: Homebound, Ch 9

2. Making Home Building (Transnational) Community in San Diego

3. Forces of Homelessness • racialized and gendered perceptions deny home & belonging in both the Philippines and US • “little brown brothers” to “little brown monkeys” • anti-miscegenation acts, alien land laws, & de facto segregation keep manongs homeless • transnational home making as survival strategy

4. transnational homes & families • Filipinos were transnational even before they left their homeland • English education system, popular culture, American commodities & businesses, military presence • returning “home” can provide validation and social status denied in U.S. (87) • one is always Filipino in the US, but one becomes American in the Philippines • remittances & familial obligations simultaneously empower and take a toll on immigrants • “I left my family to be a good mother” • connections to Philippines demonstrate an insistence on being “homebound” rather than “homeless” (97)

5. Filipino San Diego: Pre-1965 • transition of Filipino community from mostly agricultural laborers to enlisted Navy • San Diego – the “aviation capital of the world” • “Since the early 1900s, widespread use of racially restrictive zoning covenants kept poor and nonwhite residents out of the most desirable areas of San Diego and confined them in what came to be called Southeast San Diego” (100) • Active recruitment by US bases – Sangley Point Naval Base (Cavite) & Subic Naval Station (Zambales) • stringent naval entrance requirements but shared experince of occupational downgrading • 1970 – 80% of Filipinos were in steward training • Market Street & the Gaslamp = historic Manilatown • small but dynamically united community

6. Filipino San Diego: Post-1965 • 1965 Immigration Act – triples size of community and by 2000 community is roughly 121,000 • increased regional, professional, class, and generational differences • “increasing geographical dispersion of the post-1965 Filipino community, with many professional immigrants settling in suburban neighborhoods beyond the reach of their compatriots who lack comparable economic means” (120) • north of the 8 versus south of the 8 • proliferation of Fil Am community associations – regional, professional. cultural, issue-based, identity-focused, etc • divisions within community, status-seeking practice and resistance to racist homogenization

7. Masculinity & Race • because of racialization, Filipino men are assigned feminized domestic labor in navy • just as race is a social formation so is gender; the two are entwined but not equivalent • “Like other men of color, Asian American men have been largely excluded from white-based cultural notions of the masculine” (128) • asexual nerd and over-sexual primitive:Asian masculinity as always the other of white masculinity

8. Military Masculinities • “As domestic servants, Asian men became subordinate not only to privileged white men but also to privileged white women” (129) • complexities of race, class, gender – not all men benefit from patriarchy • immigrant men can respond by asserting masculinity & dominance in other contexts or by undoing patriarchy (131) • Ex. option 1: some Filipino men return “home”& flaunt naval paycheck • Ex. option 2: working to de-stigmatize domestic labor within own families

9. Military Wives • Prior to 1965 – most Filipinas were naval wives either in islands or following husbands to US • “the prolonged absence of their husbands saddled most women with a disproportionate share of household tasks as well as a life without the company and assistance of their husbands. Yet this arrangement simultaneously gave the women more independence and increased their authority over family governance” (142) revised gender divisions of labor = naval husbands using steward skills to care for family (145)

10. Filipina Professionals & Femininity • post-1965 – “women comprise the clear majority among U.S. immigrants” • family reunification • growth of female-intensive industries • male agricultural labor force of 20th cent. versus female labor force of 21st • service, microelectronics, textiles, health-care • naval male immigration – economic power & marriageability • medical female immigration – economic power & independence

11. Changing Gender Roles & Family Structures • female-first immigration reverses gender roles • Filipina women as bread-winners • dual-earner parents = rotating shifts of labor and child care • persistence of women’s double burden • expectation of elder children to care for younger • employment of lower class women to care for domestic space “These life accounts tell us that the pursuit of the American dream, even when ‘successful,’ entails physical and psychic costs, the majority of which are borne by the wives and children of these families” (156)