Latin Two Case Uses/ Perseus

1. Latin Two Case Uses/Perseus

2. Nominative Case p. 42 • Subject: main noun of the sentence • With active verb, person or thing doing the verb • Quintillaservatinfantem. • With passive verbs, person or thing receiving the verb • Infansservatur a Quintilla. • Subject verb agreement: • A singular verb takes a singular subject. • A plural verb takes a plural subject • Examples • Puellavocat • Puellaevocant

3. Nominative Case p.42 • Predicate Nominative: • renames the subject after a linking verb ( some form of sum, esse, fui, futurus) • Quintillaestancilla.

4. Vocative Case p. 42 back • Used to call someone or something • Frequently used with imperatives and questions • Same endings as nominative except second declension masculine which uses an “e” if the nominative singular is “us” • Example: • Sylvia, feraquam! • Fer, Marce, aquam!

5. Genitive p. 43 • Possession • Whoever/whatever owns something = genitive • Perseus portatscutumMinervae.. • Description • With an adjective, the genitive can modify a noun. • Medusa eratfeminamagnaepulchritudinis. • Quantity • Used with special adjectives that denote quantity such as satis, nimium, nimis, plus, plenus et al. • Whatever you have a quantity of uses the genitive • Perseus accepitsatisauxilii.

6. Dative “to/for” p. 45 • With necesseest • The person or things for whom it is necessary will use the dative • NecesseestPerseonecareMedusam.. • Indirect Object • Shows to whom or for whom something is given, shown or told • Minerva deditPerseoscutum.

7. Dative p. 45 • Special verbs • A group of verbs that take their direct object in the dative instead of the accusative • Some of these are: • Noceo, credo, pareo, placeo, placet, faveo, studeo, persuadeo, respondeo, appropinquo, obsto, prosum, expedio, cedo, licet, fido,opitulor, medeo, parco, resisto, invideo, irascor, minor, studeo, displicet, impero, suadeo, dissuadeo, libet • Perseus paretdeis.

8. Dative p.46 • With compound verbs • Many compound verbs will use the dative for their direct object instead of the accusative • Verbs compounded with ad, ante, circum, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae pro, sub, and super are most commonly used this way • Example • Omnibus eiusconsiliis Perseus occurrit. • Perseus withstood all his plans • Occurri is a compound of ob and curro

9. Accusative p. 47 • Direct Object: • Follows an action verb and answers who or what after the verb • This is noun the verb happens to • Perseus necavitMedusam.

10. Accusative p.47 • Object of prepositions • Most Latin prepositions use the accusative case for their objects (ask what after the preposition) • In(into), ad (to,…) adversus (against), ante (before,…)apud (at,…)circiter (about), circum (around), cis (this side of) contra (against), erga (toward), infra (below), inter (between), intra (within), iuxta (next to), ob (on account of), per (through), post (after, behind), prope (near), praeter (beyond, past…), propter (on account of), secundum (following…), super (over…) supra (above), trans (across), ultra (beyond) • Perseus volabat ad antrumMedusae.

11. Accusative p. 47 • Place to = accusative plus prepositions “ad” ( to, toward, near)in (into), sub( up to, at the foot of) • Preposition can be omitted with small islands, cities and towns • Pereseusvolavit ad insulam. ( required preposition) • Perseus non navigat ad Romam. ( optional preposition) • Perseus non navigatRomam. (omitted preposition) • For domus (home) and rus ( country) use domum (to the house, home) and rus ( to the country)

12. Accusative p.48 • Extent of space: shows how far without a preposition with the accusative • Pereseusvolabatvigintimiliapassum. • Perseus was flying for 20 miles. • Pes, pedis m. Foot • Passus, passus m. Step • Gradus, gradus m. Step • Miliapassuum mile

13. Accusative p. 48 • Duration of time = accusative with no preposition • Shows how long • For three hours Perseus awaited the monster. • TreshorasPerseusexspectabatmonstrum. • hora, horae f. Hour • Mensis, mensis f. Month • Annus, anni m. year

14. Ablative p. 49 • Place where: shows location • Use “in” or “sub” • In villa Perseus habitat. • For cities, towns, small islands use the locative • First declension ae or arum • 2nd declension o or is • 3rd declension singular e or sometimes i • 3rd declension plural ibus • Perseus non habitat Romae. • For domus (home) or rus (country), domo for home, rure for countryside

15. Ablative p. 49 • Place from = ablative with a, ab,e, ex, de • Shows motion away from • With names of cities, towns, and small islands, the preposition can be omitted. • Perseus non volabat e Carthagine. ( optional preposition) • Perseus non volabatCarthagine. ( omitted preposition) • Perseus non volabat e Africā ( required preposition)

16. Ablative p. 49 • Time • When = ablative without a preposition • At the fourth hour, • Quartāhorā Perseus oppugnabitMedusam. • Within which= Ablative with no preposition • Establishes a time frame but not a duration • Within this month Perseus Medusamnecavit. • HācmensePerseus Medusamnecavit.

17. Ablative p. 50 • Special prepositions: These prepositions use the ablative for their objects. • A, abs, ab (from, by), de (from, down, about), e,ex (from, out of), cum (with), prae (before, in front), pro ( for, in front of), sine (without), in (in), sub (under) • Sine alis Perseus poteratvolare. • SIDSPACE (SUB IN DE SINE PRO A,AB, CUM E, EX

18. Ablative p. 50 • Manner: shows style or manner • Can use “cum” or can omit “cum” with an adjective • Perseus volatcum celeritate. • Perseus volatcum magna celeritate/magna celeritate. • Means: shows means or instrument used to accomplish an action • No preposition in Latin but translate with “by: or “with” into English • Perseus necavitMedusamgladio.

19. Ablative p. 51 • Personal Agent: person who does the action of a passive verb • Use preposition “a,ab” • A Perseo Medusa necatus est. • Price: shows how much something costs • No preposition • Does not have to be money. • Perseus non vendiditMedusae caput octodenariis.