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Rome in the East

Rome in the East. The Byzantine Empire, Orthodox Christianity 3rd Rome in Moscow. Primary Importance to History. Preserved & organized Roman culture, especially LAW Development of Orthodox branch of Christianity - major doctrinal disagreements with the Western Catholics

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Rome in the East

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  1. Rome in the East The Byzantine Empire, Orthodox Christianity 3rd Rome in Moscow

  2. Primary Importance to History • Preserved & organized Roman culture, especially LAW • Development of Orthodox branch of Christianity - major doctrinal disagreements with the Western Catholics • Provided the religious, cultural, and political model for the tsars of Russia

  3. Map of Eastern Roman Empire

  4. Emperor Constantine • 325 CE Proclaims “New Rome • Proclaims self “13th Apostle” • Presides over council of Nicaea • Determines “orthodoxy”

  5. Constantinople: New Rome

  6. Byzantine Empire • Preserved heritage of Western Civilization • Christianized E. Europe • Served as defense against Persia & Arabs • Influenced Russian civilization

  7. Justinian I (Emperor 527-565 CE) • Rebuilt walls, repaired empire • Built Hagia Sophia • Code of Justinian • _Basis for much Western Law

  8. Hagia Sophia

  9. More Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia Gallery

  10. After Justinian’s Death 565 • Pressure from Persians, Moors, Germans, Asia • Slav migrations strain administrative ability • Greek replaces Latin as State Language

  11. Heraclius (Emperor 610) • Overthrows mad emperor Phocas • Created Theme system to protect state • Peasants given free land in exchange for taxes & soldiery • each defends his local theme • Cuts administrative & defense costs in half

  12. Iconoclasm & Leo I (the Isaurian) • Leo I saves Constantinople from 3-way invasion 717 • In many ways “good”emperor • strengthens theme system • rebuilds empire • Limits capital punishment (mutilation instead) • Persecutes heretics & Jews • 726 orders Army to destroy icons • Not popular in Western “Catholic” church

  13. Iconoclasm Controversy • Emperor in East is “both king & chief priest” • powerful combination • Emperor involved in religious issues can cause division when unity is wanted • turning doctrinal disputes into state issues Icon of St. Philip the Apostle

  14. Decline of Byzantium • Defense • Basil I devastates Bulgars in 1014 • creates illusion of eternal peace • Administration neglects defense • Economy • Inflation makes land valued investment • Rising prices & increased taxes make life hard for peasants • Villages placed selves under large landholders • Reduced revenues & soldiers ruin Theme

  15. 1071 Seljuk Turks Begin Invasions • 1071 Reduced Theme effectiveness gives Turkish invaders no resistance • Seljuk Turks limited only by how far they could go • In 1081 Emperor Alexius Comnenus asks Pope Urban II for help

  16. The Crusades • First Crusade began 1096 • Both churches excommunicated other 1054 • 4th Crusade attacks Zadar, then sacks Constantinople

  17. Europe during the First Crusade

  18. The End of Byzantium • May 1453 Ottoman Turks take Constantinople • Constantine XI’s army outnumbered20 to 1 • Battle still lasts 7 weeks

  19. Slavic Culture • Western Slavic Culture • From the Bug to Gibraltar • Latin language, • belief in authority of the Pope • Catholic Christianity brought by German monks

  20. Eastern Slavic Culture • Bulgarians, Serbs, Montenegrins, Romanians, & Russians • Heavily influenced by Byzantium • Liturgy always in native languages • Decentralized church organization • culturally separated from Western Europe • at times dominated by Mongols or Turks • allowed religion, controlled politics • no tradition of political/social participation • used to Mongol despots

  21. Russia, 1000 CE • Ryurik - Founder of Russia 862 • consolidated the Slavic tribes around Novgorod. • known as Verangians, or Rus’, hence the name Rossiya, or Russia

  22. Kiev Rus’ • Early Slavic Culture spread from Baltic Sea to the Urals, White Sea to Black Sea. • Primary trading towns in Kiev on Dnieper, & Novgorod • Viking trade route

  23. The Birth of Russia • Russia dominated by Mongols from 1240 to 1480 • Primary tax collection site a fort called Moscow • Novgorod stayed out of the Mongol empire thanks to Alexander Nevsky • Free trading town • Nevsky’s son Daniel est. Grand Duchy of Moscow • collected taxes for the Mongols

  24. Ivan III 1462-1505 • Took Novgorod, began to drive Mongols eastward • Married niece of last emperor of Byzantium • Called Moscow 3rd Rome in year 7000 (1492) • Used title tsar (Caesar)

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