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Explore the causes of conflict and the end of the Roman Republic in Rome, including the rise of Julius Caesar and his role in the transition to dictatorship. Discover the economic troubles, gap between rich and poor, and the reforms attempted during this time.
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11.3 Julius Caesar pp. 320 – 325 Essential Question: Why does conflict develop? Standard 6.62 and 6.64
Success Criteria: • Why did conflict break out between the rich and poor, causing the end of the Republic in Rome? • How did Rome try to solve the problems of the Republic? • After Julius Caesar became successful in his career, how did the lower classes feel about him? • The Senate ordered Julius Caesar to return to Rome and give up his army. What did J. Caesar do next? List 3 things: • Explain how J. Caesar started a civil war in Rome.
Vocabulary • Bread and Circuses • Civil War • Reforms • Julius Caesar • Triumvirate • Pompey
Problems in the Republic • Republic faced many economic troubles • Gap between rich and poor grew larger • Farmers faced financial ruin • Cities were overcrowded and dangerous It appears the republic really is falling!!!!!!!
Rich and Poor • Farmers could not pay back loans • Small farms were pushed out of business • Thousands of poor unemployed moved to the cities looking for jobs • To prevent a revolt, leaders offered policy of “bread and circuses” which was cheap food and free entertainment https://blogs.transparent.com/latin/catching-fires-sparks-interest-in-ancient-rome/
Roman Reformers Military leaders offered jobs in the military. They would be paid and given land. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Julius Caesar • Won the admiration and support of the poorer classes • Senators become uneasy with his growing power • By 50 BC, the first triumvirate had fallen. • Crassus died in battle. • Pompeius and Caesar became arch rivals. • The Senate supported Pompeius.
What will Caesar do now?? • The Senate orders Caesar to surrender his army and return to Rome. • Knowing he would be killed if he returned to Rome, Caesar gathered his troops and crossed the Rubricon River.
Civil war – when one’s own country is fighting against members of the same country
Caesar’s Conquests • Captures all of Italy • Drove out Pompey • Later defeats them in Greece
Cleopatra VII (7) How long? • Cleopatra VII ruled ancient Egypt as co-ruler (first with her two younger brothers and then with her son) for almost three decades. She became the last in a dynasty of Macedonian rulers founded by Ptolemy, who served as general under Alexander the Great during his conquest of Egypt in 332 B.C. Well-educated and clever, Cleopatra could speak various languages and served as the dominant ruler in all three of her monarchies. King/queen/pharaoh rule HH Cleopatra https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfbXQFsOtDo
Love affair = Rome and Egypt The Greek speaking Ptolemy family had ruled Egypt for more than 275 years. Ptolemy was a general who took control of the ancient land upon the death of Alexander the Great. Julius Caesar arrived in Egypt in pursuit of a rival general named Pompey. Caesar chased Pompey first to Spain, then to Greece and finally in 47 bce to Egypt. In Egypt, the ten-year-old Ptolemy XIII presented Caesar with the decapitated head of Pompey. While in Egypt, Caesar found himself in the middle of a family feud. King Ptolemy XII had willed his throne both to his ten-year-old son, Ptolemy XIII, and his eighteen-year-old daughter, Cleopatra. The pair were to rule Egypt together both as brother and sister and as husband and wife, but Ptolemy XIII seized total power and forced his older sister from the throne. Wow – such a long dynasty (tole-a-mee) When Cleopatra learned Caesar was in Egypt, she saw an opportunity to return to power. Cleopatra arranged to smuggle herself into Caesar’s suite wrapped in an ornamental carpet. When Caesar unraveled his gift, he found the former queen. Cleopatra convinced Caesar to remove Ptolemy XIII and return her to power. Caesar’s army defeated Ptolemy XIII’s forces in battle; the Roman army was in pursuit of the young Egyptian king when he drowned in the Nile River. Cleopatra returned to power and following the custom of Egypt at that time, she married an even younger brother, Ptolemy XIV. The couple ruled as both husband and wife and as brother and sister. The 54-year-old Caesar began a love affair with the much younger Cleopatra. The pair traveled the Nile together where Caesar witnessed Cleopatra’s luxurious lifestyle. Caesar was the most powerful general in the world, but the Egyptians worshipped Cleopatra as a goddess. Soon after their voyage, Cleopatra gave birth to Caesar’s only son, Caesarion. Shortly after Caesar returned to Rome, Cleopatra and Caesarion came to visit, staying in one of Caesar’s country homes. Caesar was popular with the Roman people, but the presence of a foreign woman in Rome was a scandal. Further, both Caesar and Cleopatra were married to other people. Source: mrdowling.com 13 14
Caesar Takes Power • Declared himself “Dictator for Life” • Ending the Roman Republic… officially.
Julian Calendar Law • Caesar declared an edict for all in Roman Empire to change to this calendar • 12 months, 365 days • Became known as Julian calendar • Used until A.D. 1582...when it was replaced by the one we use today… a calendar made by Pope Gregory • His popularity continued to grow with the poor (Plebs)
Hate is a 4 letter word... • Gave Roman citizenship to people in territories • Favored the poor • Ordered landowners to HIRE workers • THEY BELIEVED he wanted to be KING HH Crimewatch
“Et tu Brute?” March 15, 44BC Beware the Ides of March https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qg5SexaIJ6s
