agenda

1. Return Quiz Chapter on Hallucinogens Extra Credit Assignment, after those quiz scores agenda

2. Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) Instructor Ed Ramirez

3. Hallucinogens

4. A demon had invaded me, had taken possession of my body, mind, and soul. I jumped up and screamed, trying to free myself from him, but then sank down again and lay helpless on the sofa. The substance, with which I wanted to experiment, had vanquished me. It was the demon that scornfully triumphed over my will. Psychedelics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QgyNjCPWQ8

5. The sensory and emotional distortions that can be caused using hallucinogens and/or psychedelics Hallucinogens/Psychedelics

6. The word “psychedelic” come from the Greek root meaning “mind-revealing” Hallucinogens

7. What are they? Substances that alter sensory processing in the brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes in thought processing, and depersonalization Hallucinogens

8. Persons using hallucinogenic drugs often report seeing images, hearing sounds, and feeling sensations that seem real, but do not exist Hallucinogens

9. Substances that expand or heighten perception and consciousness Psychedelics

10. People have known and written about drug-related hallucinations for centuries Holy/sacred (receiving divine messages) Medicine Men Shamans Witches/oracles Mystic Priests History

11. Prior to the 1960s, mescaline (from the peyote cactus) could be obtained from chemical supply houses with no restrictions in the United States History But, society began to abuse hallucinogens

12. The 1960s Vietnam War Violent demonstrations “The establishment” Harvard psychology professor, Timothy Leary “LSD” What Changed?

13. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) (Pronounced- ly ser gic Acid Die ethel la mide) Psychosis-like schizophrenia Psychotomimetic- “Substances that cause psychosis like symptoms (psychosis mimicking) LSDWidespread Use

14. Drugs that induce mental states that impair an individual’s ability to recognize and respond appropriately to reality. Psychotomimetic

15. LSD • MDMA, (ecstasy) • PCP (phencyclidine) • Psilocybin (magic mushrooms) • Mescaline (peyote) Hallucinogens (which drugs?)

16. DMT Foxy Nutmeg Atropa Mandragora Henbane Jimsonweed Hallucinogens (which drugs?)

17. Ketamine Dextromethorphan Marijuana Salvia Hallucinogens (which drugs?)

18. Native Americans and the use of peyote First-Born Church of Christ “First peyote church,” 1914, Oklahoma. 1918, Native American Church of the United States 1965 Congress legislated against its use Native American Church

19. 1978 American Indian Religious Freedom Act (attempted) to allow members of the Native American Church peyote use 1994, protected the use of peyote in Native American Church ceremonies Native American Church

20. How far should it go? Native American Jonathan Fowler His 4-year old son Case in PointPage 351

21. Timothy Leary advocated legalization of LSD in the 1960s

22. And his League of Spiritual Discovery 1966, 3 years after being fired by Harvard for controversial involvement with hallucinogens LSD as a sacrament of his religion Timothy Leary

23. Besides the traditional hallucinogens (such as LSD), high doses of anticholinergics, cocaine, amphetamines, and steroids can cause hallucinations The Nature ofHallucinogens

24. These drugs most certainly influence the complex inner workings of the human mind and have been described as psychedelic, or psychotogenic psychotogenic are described as substances that initiate psychotic behavior The Nature ofHallucinogens

25. In general, LSD is considered the prototype agent against which other hallucinogens are measured “A single trip,” or, more likely, will pass through only some. These states are as follows: • Heightened, exaggerated senses • Loss of control • Self-reflection • Loss of identity and a sense of cosmic merging Sensory and Psychological Effects

26. Altered senses • Loss of control • Self-reflection • Loss of identity and cosmic merging Sensory

27. (Experience of Solomon Snyder) After 30 minutes, some mild nausea Objects took on purplish ting and appeared to be vaguely outlined. Colors, textures, and lines achieved an unexpected richness Altered Senses

28. Synesthesia- a subjective sensation or image of a sense other than the one being stimulated, such as an auditory sensation caused by a visual stimulus Snyder Cont’d

29. User will cannot determine whether the psychedelic trip will be a pleasant, relaxing experience or a “bad trip” A bad trip can “replay” the frightening experiences at a later time. This is known as a “flashback” Loss of Control Flashback- recurrences of earlier drug-induces sensory experiences in the absence of the drug

30. User becomes aware of thoughts and feelings long hidden beneath the surface, forgotten and /or repressed Self Reflection

31. “I am no longer” One’s skin ceases to be a boundary between self and others Loss of Identity andCosmic Merging

32. Double-edged sword Positive versus negative responses Hallucinogens act at a common CNS site to exert their psychedelic effects. This has not been proven Mechanisms of Action

33. DOM • MDA • MDMA These agents vary in their hallucinogen or stimulant properties. MDA is more like amphetamines and MDMA is more like LSD Types of hallucinogenicagents

34. The third major group of hallucinogens comprises the anticholinergic drugs, which block some of the receptors for the neurotransmitter in the brain Third major group

35. Ergotism- poisoning by toxic substances from the ergot fungus • Ergot fungus • Ergot alkaloids 1938, Albert Hofmann, a Swiss scientist worked on ergot compounds in a search for medical value LSD He was trying to synthesize a drug to study psychosis

36. Albert Hofmann

37. Synthesis and Administration, LSD is a complex molecule that requires about 1 week to be synthesized LSD

38. The typical dose today is 20 to 30 micrograms 1960s the dose was about 150 to 300 mg The effects of LSD begins within 30 to 90 minutes and can last up to 12 hours LSD

39. No typical pattern of response to LSD Experience varies for each user • Psychotic adverse reaction (freakout) • Non-psychotic adverse reaction Adverse Psychedelic Effects

40. Brain’s sensory processing is altered Many kinds of unusual illusions can occur Time distorted An experience can be incredibly beautiful and uplifting, or unpleasant Perceptual Effects

41. Body trip • Bad mind trip • Altered visual perception Negative LSD-relatedFlashbacks

42. Mescaline is one of approximately 30 psychoactive chemicals that have been isolated from the peyote cacus Used for centuries Francisco Hernandez King Philip II of Spain Mescaline (peyote) Mescaline is perhaps 1000 to 3000 times less potent than LSD and about 30 times less potent than other common hallucinogens such as psilocybin

43. Peyote

44. Dilation of the pupils Increased body temp Anxiety Visual hallucinations Alteration of body image Users report losing all awareness of time Mescaline’s Effects

45. Within 30 to 120 minutes after ingestion, mescaline reaches a maximum concentration in the brain. Effect may persist for 9 to 10 hours Mescaline’s Effects

46. Psilocybin and psilocyn are the hallucinogenic principles contained in certain mushrooms. These “magic” mushrooms are generally grown in Mexico and Central America and have been used in native rituals for thousands of years Psilocybin

47. “magic” mushrooms

48. First used more than 2000 years ago by early natives of Central America However, Guatemala, statues of mushrooms that date back to 100 B.C. Can be eaten, or brewed Psilocybin

49. 1958, Albert Hofmann extracted psilocybin during his experiment with LSD. During his research he ate 32 mushrooms to feel the effects Timothy Leary also carried out a series of experiments using psilocybin Psilocybin

50. Short acting hallucinogen found in the seeds of certain leguminous trees native to the West Indies and parts of South America Known as the “businessman’s lunch break drug DMT (Dimethyltryptamine)