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Machine Translation, Statistical Approach

Machine Translation, Statistical Approach. Heshaam Faili Natural Language and Text Processing Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, hfaili@ut.ac.ir. Machine translation History Machine Translation Architectures

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Machine Translation, Statistical Approach

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  1. Machine Translation, Statistical Approach Heshaam Faili Natural Language and Text Processing Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran,hfaili@ut.ac.ir

  2. Machine translation History • Machine Translation Architectures • Rule Based Machine Translation • Statistical Machine Translation • State of the Art and Future Trends • How to Develop SMT fast !

  3. MT History • earliest systems (1950s and 1960s) • ALPAC report (1966) • ‘quiet’ decade (1966 to 1975) • adoption of Systran by CEC (1976); Meteo • coming of PC systems (1980s); coming of translation aids • increasing use (since mid 1980s): companies, localisation, etc. • dominance of ‘transfer’ framework (1980s) • interlingua systems (late 1980s) • translation memory (since late 1980s) • corpus-based MT research (from late 1980s) • statistical machine translation (since mid 1990s) • online MT (since late 1990s)

  4. Warren Weaver • writes memorandum on MT • At the time, collaborating with Claude Shannon on 'information theory‘ • Discussed ideas in 1946 and 1947 • Four main suggestions: • Disambiguation by examining adjacent words • Brain networks similar to computers • Use of cryptographic methods: decoding of source text – 'When I look at an article in Russian, I say: “This is really written in English, but it has been coded in some strange symbols. I will now proceed to decode.”' • Universal language

  5. 1952: first conference • appointed at MIT in May 1951, surveyed MT • Convened first MT conference at MIT • Topics covered: • Pre-editing, post-editing • Controlled language • Domain restriction (Oswald's microglossaries) • Syntactic analysis (Bar-Hillel's categorial grammar) • Computer hardware, programming • Funding

  6. 1954: first public demonstration • Leon Dostert determined to show 'technical feasibility’ of MT • Collaboration of Georgetown University and IBM • Public demonstration in New York, 7th January 1954 of Russian-English systema • Linguistic foundations by Paul Garvin of Georgetown U.– 250 words, 6 rules • Programming by Peter Sheridan of IBM • Reported widely, worldwide interest • Beginning of government funding - in both US and Soviet Union

  7. 1955: beginnings of MT in Soviet Union • 1953: death of Stalin, March 1953 opened access to science of the west: structural linguistics, and computers • 1954: news of Georgetown-IBM demonstration • 1955: first attempts (BESM) • 1956: foundation of groups: Inst Precision Mechnaics, Steklov • Mathematical Institute, Inst Linguistics, Leningrad University

  8. 1966: the ALPAC report • Set up by NSF for US sponsors of MT research • Concluded: No effective MT despite massive funding, and none in Prospect • Poor quality output • Criticised at time for short sightedness • Brought to end US funding for many years • Affected funding elsewhere

  9. From 1967 to 1978 • Continuation of research in US (Texas, Wayne State), Soviet Union, UK, Canada, France • 1970: Systran installed at USAF (Foreign Technology Division) • 1970: TITUS installed (restricted language: textile industry abstracts) • 1975: Météo ‘sublanguage’ English-French system (weather broadcasts) • 1975: CULT Chinese-English (restricted language: mathematics) • 1976: European Commission acquires Systran: • 1978: Xerox Corporation uses Systran with controlled language (Caterpillar English)

  10. 1981: MT for personal computers • Previously all MT systems for mainframe computers • subsequently (in 1980s and 1990s): • ESI, Instant Spanish, LogoMedia, Personal Translator, PeTra, PROMT, • Systran • many Japanese systems • e.g. Crossroad, LogoVista

  11. 1982: AI and interlinguas • Beginning of 'Fifth Generation' (AI) program in Japan; influence on US research • Research on interlingua systems • At Philips (Rosetta) – implementing Montague grammar • At Utrecht (DLT) – modified Esperanto, bilingual knowledge base • Research on knowledge-based systems • At Colgate University, Carnegie-Mellon University, New Mexico State University (PANGLOSS)

  12. 1986: speech translation • ATR in Japan, JANUS at Carnegie-Mellon, Verbmobil (at various German universities) • speech recognition, speech synthesis • highly context dependent, use of ‘knowledge databases’ • discourse semantics, ‘ill-formed’ utterances • ellipsis, use of stress, intonation, modality markers • Restricted fields (telephone booking of hotels and conferences) • Still continuing

  13. 1988: corpus-based MT • Availability of large bilingual corpora • Beginning of Example-based MT research, 1988-89 • First proposed in 1981 by Makoto Nagao • First article on Statistical MT, 1988 (research at IBM) • revival of Warren Weaver’s idea (‘decoding’ SL as TL)

  14. 1993: translation memory • Previous tools: dictionaries, termbanks, concordances • in 1993 launch of first commercial system: Trados • later followed by Transit, Déjà Vu, ProMemoria, WordFast, ... • using aligned bilingual corpora (of human translation), searchable by words and phrases

  15. Developments of statistical MT • Bi-lingual alignment and monolingual corpora (as 'Language model') • Word alignment • Man be khaneh nemiravam • I do not go to the house • Phrase-based alignment • Features/tags on source trees (corpora) to aid reordering • Comparable corpora (not bilingual translations) • Syntax-aware SMT: syntactic pre-ordering, tree-string decoding • Crowd sourcing (for data, evaluations)

  16. 1992: evaluation of MT • Previous evaluations by human judgments: FEMTI (Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE) • In 1992/1994 DARPA investigates unedited US systems, comparing automatic measures and human judgments of adequacy, fluency, informativeness • Development of MT evaluation metrics (in parallel with SMT): • 2001: BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy) • Statistical measures of similarity of SMT output and human translations • 2001-2005: NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) • 2005: METEOR (Carnegie Mellon), etc.

  17. 1997: free online MT • CompuServe started testing in 1992 (limited to subscribers of some forums) • Systran offered online translations of webpages since 1996 • Babel Fish launched on AltaVista on December 9, 1997 • free for all Internet users • subsequently: FreeTranslation, PROMT, Google, etc. • usage: mainly short phrases, text not webpages, into native language • rapid growth • Babelfish: 500,000 per day (May 1998) to 1.3 million (October 2000) • FreeTranslation: 50,000 per day (December 1999) to 3.4 million (September 2006)

  18. Since 2004: open source toolkits • GIZA ++: tool for alignment in SMT • Moses: platform for building SMT systems • Joshua: decoder for syntax-based (hierarchical) SMT • Apertium: platform for building rule-based MT • META-SHARE: data for EU projects • LetsMT: cloud-based resource for supporting MT research

  19. 2006- : some current projects • Euromatrix, founded 2006 • Goal: MT systems between all EU languages (over 500 language pairs), many centres involved, lead by Philipp Koehn at Edinburgh University • Statistical phrase-based MT, hybrid systems, statistics-based; treetransfer (dependency) • Open source (Moses), collaboration, shared resources; rapid development of systems, open continuous evaluation • Lets MT – funded 2010 in Baltic states • Online platform for data sharing, and building SMT systems, with easy user interaction; cloud computing

  20. Statistical Approaches Rule-based Approaches Different Architechtures

  21. Three MT Approaches: Direct, Transfer, Interlingua

  22. Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world

  23. SMT • Proposed by IBM in early 1990s: a direct, purely statistical, model for MT • Statistical translation models are trained on a sentence-aligned parallel bilingual corpus • Train word-level alignment models • Extract phrase-to-phrase correspondences • Apply them at runtime on source input and “decode” • Attractive: completely automatic, no manual rules, much reduced manual labor

  24. Heshaam Faili (hfaili@ece.ut.ac.ir) Statistical Approach • Consider NLP problems as Decoding an encrypted string • Amenable to machine learning (training and generalization) • In classical NLP – rules are obtained from linguists • In statistical NLP – probabilities are learnt from data • Uses Aligned corpora • The bigger problem is how to achieved a word-aligned from sentence aligned corpora

  25. Statistical Approach • Main drawbacks: • Effective only with large volumes (several mega-words) of parallel text • Broad domain, but domain-sensitive • Still viable only for small number of language pairs! • Impressive progress in last 5 years • Large DARPA funding programs (TIDES, GALE) • Lots of research in this direction • GIZA++, Pharoah, CAIRO, • Google, languageWeaver, 1-800 translator,…

  26. Warren Weaver (1947) ingcmpnqsnwf cv fpn owoktvcv hu ihgzsnwfv rqcffnw cw owgcnwf kowazoanv ...

  27. Warren Weaver (1947) e e e e ingcmpnqsnwf cv fpn owoktvcv e e e hu ihgzsnwfv rqcffnw cw owgcnwf e kowazoanv ...

  28. Warren Weaver (1947) e e e the ingcmpnqsnwf cv fpn owoktvcv e e e hu ihgzsnwfv rqcffnw cw owgcnwf e kowazoanv ...

  29. Warren Weaver (1947) e he e the ingcmpnqsnwf cv fpn owoktvcv e e e t hu ihgzsnwfv rqcffnw cw owgcnwf e kowazoanv ...

  30. Warren Weaver (1947) e he e of the ingcmpnqsnwf cv fpn owoktvcv e e e t hu ihgzsnwfv rqcffnw cw owgcnwf e kowazoanv ...

  31. Warren Weaver (1947) e he e of the fof ingcmpnqsnwf cv fpn owoktvcv e f o e o oe t hu ihgzsnwfv rqcffnw cw owgcnwf ef kowazoanv ...

  32. Warren Weaver (1947) e he e of the ingcmpnqsnwf cv fpn owoktvcv e e e t hu ihgzsnwfv rqcffnw cw owgcnwf e kowazoanv ...

  33. Warren Weaver (1947) e he e is the sis ingcmpnqsnwf cv fpn owoktvcv e s i e i ie t hu ihgzsnwfv rqcffnw cw owgcnwf es kowazoanv ...

  34. Warren Weaver (1947) decipherment is the analysis ingcmpnqsnwf cv fpn owoktvcv of documents written in ancient hu ihgzsnwfv rqcffnw cw owgcnwf languages ... kowazoanv ...

  35. Warren Weaver (1947) The non-Turkish guy next to me is even deciphering Turkish! All he needs is a statistical table of letter-pair frequencies in Turkish … Can this be computerized? Collected mechanically from a Turkish body of text, or corpus

  36. “When I look at an article in Russian, I say: this is really written in English, but it has been coded in some strange symbols. I will now proceed to decode.” - Warren Weaver, March 1947 “... as to the problem of mechanical translation, I frankly am afraid that the [semantic] boundaries of words in different languages are too vague ... to make any quasi-mechanical translation scheme very hopeful.” - Norbert Wiener, April 1947

  37. 1a. Garcia and associates . 1b. Garcia y asociados . 7a. the clients and the associates are enemies . 7b. los clients y los asociados son enemigos . 2a. Carlos Garcia has three associates . 2b. Carlos Garcia tiene tres asociados . 8a. the company has three groups . 8b. la empresa tiene tres grupos . 3a. his associates are not strong . 3b. sus asociados no son fuertes . 9a. its groups are in Europe . 9b. sus grupos estan en Europa . 4a. Garcia has a company also . 4b. Garcia tambien tiene una empresa . 10a. the modern groups sell strong pharmaceuticals . 10b. los grupos modernos venden medicinas fuertes . 5a. its clients are angry . 5b. sus clientes estan enfadados . 11a. the groups do not sell zenzanine . 11b. los grupos no venden zanzanina . 6a. the associates are also angry . 6b. los asociados tambien estan enfadados . 12a. the small groups are not modern . 12b. los grupos pequenos no son modernos . Spanish/English corpus

  38. 1a. Garcia and associates . 1b. Garcia y asociados . 7a. the clients and the associates are enemies . 7b. los clients y los asociados son enemigos . 2a. Carlos Garcia has three associates . 2b. Carlos Garcia tiene tres asociados . 8a. the company has three groups . 8b. la empresa tiene tres grupos . 3a. his associates are not strong . 3b. sus asociados no son fuertes . 9a. its groups are in Europe . 9b. sus grupos estan en Europa . 4a. Garcia has a company also . 4b. Garcia tambien tiene una empresa . 10a. the modern groups sell strong pharmaceuticals . 10b. los grupos modernos venden medicinas fuertes . 5a. its clients are angry . 5b. sus clientes estan enfadados . 11a. the groups do not sell zenzanine . 11b. los grupos no venden zanzanina . 6a. the associates are also angry . 6b. los asociados tambien estan enfadados . 12a. the small groups are not modern . 12b. los grupos pequenos no son modernos . Translate: Clients do not sell pharmaceuticals in Europe.

  39. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  40. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  41. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  42. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp ???

  43. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  44. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihokyorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  45. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihokyorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  46. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihokyorok clok kantok ok-yurp ???

  47. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  48. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorokclok kantok ok-yurp process of elimination

  49. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorokclok kantok ok-yurp cognate?

  50. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Your assignment, put these words in order: { jjat, arrat, mat, bat, oloat, at-yurp} zero fertility

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