به نام یگانه هستی

1. به نام یگانه هستی

2. Threadmill exercise reduce obestatin concentrations in rat fundus and small intestine.(abbass Ghanbari-Niaki.2008)

3. Intruduction: • Ghrelin and obestatin both are orexigenic/anorexigenic peptides which are secreted from gasterointestinal tracts(fondus submucusa cells). • Encoded by same gene. • Stimulate growth hormone release • Have opposite actions on food intake

5. Ghrelin: • A 28-amino acid peptide. • Novel player in the gut-brain regulation of growth hormone and energy balance. • Produced mainly by P/D1 cells lining the fundes of the human stomach and epsilon cells of the pacreas thatstimulates appetite. • Also produce in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus which stimulate GH hormone. • Emerged as the first circulating hunger hormone,increase food intake and fat mass. • Discovery: Reported by Masayasu kojima (1999) • Root ghre;meaning to grow .

6. GHRELIN

8. Obestatine: • A 23-amino acid peptid. • Found in late 2005 ,todecrease appetite. • Effects of obestatin on : • GI motility. • Glucose homeostasis. • Cell proliferations. • Hormone secretion. • Thirst,sleep,memory,anxiety,water intake. • Body weight ; energy expenditure. • Also induce early gene expression in:stomach,intestine,white adipose tissue,liver and kidney.

11. Singel session of circuit-resistanse exercise at different intensities did not change plasma obestatin concentrations. • Only one study show:short(acute)and lung threadmill exercise have effect on plasma and hypothalamus ghrelin and obestatin levels.

12. So; We want explain on: Effect of moderate-term threadmill exercise on fundus and intestine obestatin concentraitions. And see if existing this changing,what about ATP concentrations in GI.

13. MATERIALS AND METHOD: • Fourteen wistar male rats(14-16 weeks old)weighing 235-250g. • Housed five per cage in with a volume 4L. • 12:12 light-dark cycle. • Temperature :22±1.4 ˚C • Humidity :55.6±4.0% • Feed ad libitum and water.

14. Rondomly asigned into 2 group: • Control group(n=7) • Training one(n=7)a moderate running exercise program. • First familiarization of rats with apparatus for 4 days. • Exercise for 5 days/week for 6 weeks • Fed but not exercise 48h prior to sacrifice. • Food not water was removed from cages 4h before experiment.

15. Tissue biopsies and blood sample: • Anesthetized IP with ketamine and xylazine. • A part of fundus,upper small intestine and liver were excised,clean divided into 2 parts;washed in ice-cold saline,frozen in liquid nitrogen.all parts srored at -80˚C.

16. Blood collected directly from heart in test tubes containing EDTA,centrifugation,frozen and stored -80˚C untill analysis.

17. Fundus and intestine total obestatin,ATP,liver glycogen: Measured with EIA kit ,with minimum detectable concentration 0.32 and 0.08 ng/ml ,respectively for: fundus and intestine total obestatin. Fundus and intestine ATP was determined: Bioaffina Gmbh ATP sensitive bioluminesence kit. Liver glycogen determined by glycogen colometric kit.

18. Plasma glucose,growth hormone,insulin and cortisol concentration: • Plasma glucose determined by enzymatic colometric method. • Plasma GH,insulin ,cortisol determined by ELISA method.

19. Result: • Significant diffrences not found in: Body weight.plasma glucose, cortisol Consentrations. Resting plasma total obestatin remaind Unchanged. Total obestatin levels were significantly decreased in traind rat fundus and intestine.

21. Fig. 1. Plasma, fundus, and intestine total obestatin concentrations in control and trained wild type male rats. Values are means ± SEM. *Trained vs. control. Seven animals per group.

22. Fundus and intestine ATP concentration were unchanged. • Higher glycogen concentration was observed in trained rat liver. • High concentration of GH level . • *SO:negetive corrolations between both fundus and intestine total obestatin concentrations and plasma GH levels. • No correlation between total obestatin concentration and any other variable.

23. Fig. 2. Plasma GH and liver glycogen concentrations in control and trained wild type male rats. *Trained vs. control. Values are means ± SEM. Seven animals per group.

24. Discussion • The major findings of the present study were that fundus and intestine not plasma obestatin concentrations were decreased and plasma GH level was elevated after the treadmill exercise program. • Neither a single circuit-resistance exercise at different intensities nor A short (acute) and long-term treadmill exercise for 8 weeks at 22 m/min did not change plasma obestatin levels in rat subjects .

25. The mechanism(s) by which treadmill exercise reduces total obestatin concentrations in rat fundus and intestine tissues is poorly understood. • It has been suggested that plasma and stomach ghrelin and obestatin levels are regulated by several hormones such as; GH,insulin,somatostatin,glucagon. • But; With consider to hormonal responses, only plasma GH was significantly higher in trained rats . • A negative correlation has also been found between fundus and intestine total concentrations and GH level Our results are in agreement with the results were previously reported by several studies.

26. the growing information is exist about the effect of GH elevation upon plasma and stomach ghrelin suppression but the information about the effect of higher plasma GH on total obestatin level is lacking. • Food intake, glucose administration, high-carbohydrate diet, and oral glucose tolerance test following a negative energy balance circumstances have been shown to decrease plasma and stomach obestatin and ghrelin concentrations in human and animals subjects.

27. Our data, however suggest that 6 weeks treadmill exercise that increases hepatic glycogen level which is accompanied with reduction in total obestatin concentrations in the fundus and intestine.

28. this is the first study demonstrating that effect of treadmill exercise upon fundus and intestine total obestatin concentrations. • The present study is also the first demonstrating that treadmill exercise reduces fundus and intestine total obestatin concentrations without a significant change in both fundus and intestine ATP levels.

29. CONCLUSION: • suggesting that treadmill exercise training by enhancing plasma GH and liver glycogen content may suppress fundus and intestine total obestatin synthesis and their secretions.(via a negative feedback action as proposed for ghrelin suppression.)

30. THANKS SO MUCH