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Viruses

Viruses. By: Noor Abi Rached, Allison Lopez, Nazim Asani, and Drew Friedman. Introduction.

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Viruses

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  1. Viruses By: Noor Abi Rached, Allison Lopez, Nazim Asani, and Drew Friedman

  2. Introduction A virus is an infectious particle consisting of strands of DNA or RNA that has to infect a host to survive. In other words, a virus is not a living organism but it can spread or reproduce once it finds a new host. Viruses are closely related to bacteria, but bacteria are one-celled microorganisms which can reproduce without needing a host. Although viruses are greatly related to living things and can respond to their environments, they are still not categorized as living organisms due to a few major differences.

  3. Vocabulary • virus- an infectious particle made of only a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat • pathogen- any living organism or particle that can cause an infectious disease • viroids- infectious particles that cause diseases in plants • capsid- the genetic material surrounded by a protein shell that makes up a single viral particle called a virion • prophage- the phage that DNA inserted into the host cell’s DNA

  4. Biology Themes and Viruses 1. All living things are made up of cells: Viruses are acellular because they do not have a cell structure or a cell wall. 2. Structure determines function: Viruses contain nucleic acid and a protein coat. The capsid functions as a shell to protect the genetic information. 3. All living things need and use energy: Viruses can’t produce or store energy in the form of ATP, so they use energy from the host cell to fuel metabolic functions. It is heterotrophic. 4. All living things respond to their environment: Viruses interact with their environment by using supplies from the host organism through parasitism. The host organism or cell is its niche, but the virus can’t move independently.

  5. Biology Themes and Viruses 5. Members of a species have the ability to reproduce: Viruses reproduce asexually by the help of a living organism’s cells. 6. Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life: All of the members of our kingdom share one common characteristic. They all can adapt to any host that is a living organism. 7. An interesting fact about viruses is that each virus can only infect certain organisms. Each virus has its own distinctive shape. The virus fits its surface proteins on the receptor proteins of the host cell. The process is kind of like fitting a key into a lock. Some viruses can infect many organisms while some viruses are only able to infect one.

  6. Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus 1. All living things are made up of cells: the TBSV are uni-cellular because they do not have a cell wall or cell structure. 2. Structure determines function: in 1978, x-rays showed that the structures of TBSV are spherical and contains180 subunits of capsid protein. 3. All living things need and use energy: this species obtains its energy by infecting a host, primarily fruits such as tomatoes and eggplant.

  7. Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus (Tombusvirus Tombusviridae) 4. All living things respond to their environment: TBSV interacts with its environment by infecting certain fruits like eggplant and tomatoes and using them as their host to use supplies. 5. Members of a species have the ability to reproduce: TBSV reproduces asexually with the help from its host organism’s cells. 6. One interesting fact about TBSV is that it is transmitted manually with the use of contaminated cutting tools.

  8. Chickenpox • Acellular virus which is neither prokaryote or eukaryote. It can't have a cell wall if it is acellular. • The chickenpox virus looks like a ball that has spikes sticking out. The outer layer of the virus is mostly fats and the tegument, capsid, and DNA of the virus allows the virus to thrive in the host. The ball like structure allows rashes to show up on the skin with many severe symptoms • The virus obtains energy from the host that it attacks. • The virus reacts to its environment by affecting its host’s cells with its DNA. It moves randomly towards whatever cells that have not been infected yet.

  9. Chickenpox • The virus replicates itself by the help of it tegument and DNA. Its life cycle is moving on from host to host. • The envelope has glycoproteins which acts as targeting systems to identify its target (host’s cells). AWESOME!

  10. Avian Influenza Type A 1) All living things are made up of cells: Viruses typically don’t have cells or a distinct cell structure or cell wall, but they do have genetic information. 2) Structure determines function: Influenza viruses have two surface proteins that determine their subtype and the animal species they infect. Avian Influenza viruses have the protiens H5 and H7, which mutate to negatively impact and infect birds. 3) All living things need and use energy: The Avian Influenza only obtains energy from its host. 4) All living things respond to their environment: The virus uses energy and highly pathogenic forms of the virus cause severe clinical illness and death in birds. Its primary niches are wild birds or poultry, and they share the symbiotic relationship of parasitism. The virus can’t move independently.

  11. Avian Influenza Type A 5) Members of a species have the ability to reproduce: The virus enters the cytoplasm of the cell, and then moves to the nucleus where it deposits and replicates genetic information.After invading multiple cells, the virus will leave the host’s body through the mucous membranes into the saliva, nasal discharge, and feces. All birds are believed to be susceptible to the virus, but some species, such as migratory waterfowl are resistant to severe infection. Avian influenza is more deadly towards domestic poultry.

  12. Bacteriophage 1. All living things are made up of cells: Viruses are acellular because they do not have a cell structure or a cell wall. 2. Structure determines function: Bacteriophage has a very unique shape. It has a head, or Capsid, at the top that contains all of its DNA. The head sits on a neck-like structure called the collar. The body of the Bacteriophage is called the sheath which sits on top of the base plate. The base plate has leg-like structures called tail fibers. Its specific shape only fits into the cells of bacteria. The Capsid of the Bacteriophage contains the DNA and the tail fibers help the virus attach to the host cell. The the tail releases an enzyme into the host breaking down the bacterial cell wall. The tail core goes through the cell and inserts its DNA into the host. 3. All living things need and use energy: All viruses thrive on the energy that they receive from their host organism.

  13. Bacteriophage 4. All living things respond to their environment: Bacteriophage reduces the growth rates of many types of bacteria. 5. Members of a species have the ability to reproduce: Once Bacteriophage finds a host, it uses the energy from the organism to reproduce inside of it. 6. An interesting fact is that many types of bacteria have evolved and become immune to the Bacteriophage so Bacteriophage has more trouble with finding a host to stay alive.

  14. Works Cited • Beaver, John. Biology. http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/book_home.htm?state=GA • chapter 12 | Publish with Glogster!. (n.d.). Glogster. Retrieved , from http://www.glogster.com/varnernic/chapter-12/g-6nsk4edj74k5696mdeg6d6p • . (n.d.). . Retrieved , from http://www.poultryhub.org/health/disease/types-of-disease/avian-influenza/ • Result Filters. (n.d.). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved , from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7491767 • Fast Facts on Avian Flu. (2008, December 16). ABC News. Retrieved , from http://abcnews.go.com/Health/AvianFlu/story?id=1170337 • . (n.d.). . Retrieved , from http://bepast.org/dataman.pl?c=lib&frame_nav=1&dir=docs/photos/avian%20flu/ • Viral Structure - Chicken Pox. (n.d.). Viral Structure - Chicken Pox. Retrieved , from https://sites.google.com/site/chschickenpox/viral-structure • Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Virus Structure. (n.d.). Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Virus Structure. Retrieved , from http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html

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