1 / 28

TOPIC 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

TOPIC 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE. 12.1 ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. ESSENTIAL IDEA. The quantized nature of energy transitions is related to the energy states of electrons in atoms and molecules. NATURE OF SCIENCE (1.8)

dwightl
Download Presentation

TOPIC 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. TOPIC 2ATOMIC STRUCTURE 12.1 ELECTRONS IN ATOMS

  2. ESSENTIAL IDEA The quantized nature of energy transitions is related to the energy states of electrons in atoms and molecules. NATURE OF SCIENCE (1.8) Experimental evidence to support theories – emission spectra provide evidence for the existence of energy levels.

  3. INTERNATIONAL-MINDEDNESS In 2012 two separate international teams working at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN independently announced that they had discovered a particle with behavior consistent with the previously predicted “Higgs boson”.

  4. THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE “What we observe is not nature itself, but nature exposed to our method of questioning.” – Werner Heisenberg. An electron can behave as a wave or a particle depending on the experimental conditions. Can sense perception give us objective knowledge about the world? The de Broglie equation shows that macroscopic particles have too short a wavelength for their wave properties to be observed. Is it meaningful to talk of properties which can never be observed from sense perception?

  5. UNDERSTANDING/KEY IDEA12.1.A • In an emission spectrum, the limit of convergence at higher frequency corresponds to the first ionization energy.

  6. Energy levels in the hydrogen atom converge at higher energy. • We can calculate the ionization energy from the convergence limit at higher frequency. • The transition from n=1 to n=∞ corresponds to ionization which is the removal of the electron from the 1s orbital.

  7. APPLICATION/SKILLS • Be able to solve problems using E=hv = hc/λ.

  8. GUIDANCE • The value of Planck’s constant (h) and E=hv are given in the data booklet in sections 1 and 2.

  9. Example problem 1 • Determine the energy in joules of a photon of red light, correct to 4 significant figures, given that the wavelength is 650.0 nm. h=6.626x10-34 Js; c=2.998 x10-8 m/s • E=hv = hc/λ convert nm to m • E=(6.626x10-34 Js)(2.998 x10-8 m/s 6.500x10-11m E=3.056x10-19J

  10. APPLICATION/SKILLS • Be able to calculate the value of the first ionization energy from spectral data which gives the wavelength or frequency of the convergence limit.

  11. Example problem 2 • Calculate the first ionization energy in kJ/mol for hydrogen given that its shortest wavelength line in the Lyman series is 91.16 nm. NA = 6.022x1023 mol-1 h=6.626x10-34 Js; c=2.998 x10-8 m/s • E=hv = hc/λ convert nm to m • E=(6.626x10-34 Js)(2.998 x10-8 m/s 9.116x10-10m E=2.179x10-18J expressed in kJ/mol IE1 = (2.179x10-18J) x (6.022x1023 mol-1) =1.312x106 J/mol = 1312 kJ/mol

  12. The value of the first ionization energy for hydrogen is given in section 8 of the Data booklet.

  13. UNDERSTANDING/KEY IDEA12.1.B • Trends in first ionization energy across periods account for the existence of main energy levels and sub-levels in atoms.

  14. IONIZATION ENERGY • Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove one mole of electrons from the ground state of one mole of the gaseous atom. • 1st Ionization energy – energy needed to remove the 1st outermost electron • 2nd Ionization energy – energy needed to remove the 2nd outermost electron • 3rd Ionization energy – energy needed to remove the 3rd outermost electron. • Etc, etc…

  15. EVIDENCE FROM IONIZATION ENERGIES • The graph from the previous slide shows evidence that each energy level contains a certain number of electrons before it becomes full.

  16. UNDERSTANDING/KEY IDEA12.1.C • Successive ionization energy data for an element give information that shows relations to electron configurations.

  17. KEY POINTS • There is an increase in successive ionization energies. • As you remove one electron, it takes more energy to remove the next electron because the effective nuclear charge is stronger upon the removal of each electron. • There are jumps in energies needed to remove electrons depending upon how close you are to the nucleus. • The valence electrons are the easiest to remove. • You will have a significant jump in ionization energy as you move into the core electrons or as you enter a new sublevel.

  18. SUCCESSIVE IONIZATION ENERGIES • Upon studying successive ionization energies, scientists have additional evidence that orbitals do have sub levels. Aluminum 2,8,3 • If one looks at the 8 electrons in the second energy level of aluminum (the 1st three valence electrons are already pulled off), there is a jump in energy between the 6 electrons in the p-sublevel and the 2 in the s-sublevel. The 2 electrons in the s-sublevel are closer to the nucleus and harder to pull off.

  19. IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION • Generally there is an increase in ionization energies as one moves from left to right on the periodic table. • As you move from left to right, the nuclear charge increases therefore making it more difficult to remove an electron. • As you move down the periodic table, there is a decrease in ionization energies because the outermost electrons are further away from the nucleus.

  20. APPLICATION/SKILLS • Be able to deduce the group of an element from its successive ionization energy data.

  21. When the ionization energy makes a large jump, you can tell what group the element is from. 200 to 8000 would mean one electron was easily pulled off so you would be in Group 1. 200,400,600, 10000 would mean Group 3 because the large jump occurred after the 3rd electron was pulled off.

  22. APPLICATION/SKILLS • Be able to explain the trends and discontinuities in first ionization energy across a period.

  23. 1st IONIZATION ENERGIES FOR THE FIRST 20 ELEMENTS

  24. TWO SIGNIFICANT POINTS • Why did the energy drop from Be to B if they are the same row and why did the energy drop from Mg to Al? • There is another drop from N to O and from P to S, why did this occur?

  25. Decrease from Group 2 to Group 3 • One would expect an increase from Be to B since they are in the same energy level, however, there is a decrease and this is due to electron configuration. • The outer electrons being removed from Be and Mg in Group 2 are in the “s” orbitals. • The outer electrons being removed from B and Al in Group 3 are in the “p” orbitals. • The “p” orbital electrons take less energy to remove than the “s” orbital electrons which are closer to the nucleus.

  26. Decrease from Group 5 to Group 6 • One would expect an increase from Group 5 to Group 6, but this is not so. • Look again at the e- configurations. • Group 5 elements have the basic configuration of ns2, npx1, npy1, npz1 • Group 6 elements have the basic configuration of ns2, npx2, npy1, npz1 • An electron is easier to remove from a doubly occupied orbital because it is being repelled by its partner electron and takes less energy to pull off than electrons in singly occupied orbitals.

  27. Citations International Baccalaureate Organization. Chemistry Guide, First assessment 2016. Updated 2015. Brown, Catrin, and Mike Ford. Higher Level Chemistry. 2nd ed. N.p.: Pearson Baccalaureate, 2014. Print. Most of the information found in this power point comes directly from this textbook. The power point has been made to directly complement the Higher Level Chemistry textbook by Catrin and Brown and is used for direct instructional purposes only.

More Related