Chapter 3-A test review

1. Chapter 3-A test review

2. Review all the directional terms from chapter 1

3. Know and understand all the directional terms

4. review the bodyplanes

5. Review all regional terms

6. Review and be able to complete the functions of organelles. • Chromatin- DNA, the genes, elongated, thin chromosomes • Centrioles- found during cell division, makes poles and aster • Vacuole- storage structure of cell (often water) • Microtubules- supports cell and gives it shape • Lysosomes- contains digestive enzymes- intracellular digestion • Golgi apparatus- packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell • Mitochondria- site of ATP synthesis; the powerhouse of the cell • Ribosomes- the sites for protein synthesis • Endoplasmic reticulum- membranous network that makes up about ½ of the cell • Rough ER- has ribosomes attached to it • Smooth ER- no ribosomes attached • Flagella- singular long tail, propels the cell; only example in the human body is the sperm tail • Cilia- short hair-like projections from the cell moves in unison to move cell or propels substances across cell surface

7. Pay close attention to the following organelles: lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules,Microfilaments, cytoplasm, ribosomes, peroxisomes, cilia and flagella: know the functions of each

8. What are the function of the following structure of the fluid mosaic model

9. Fluid Mosaic Mode: pay close attention to the following: • peripheral and integral protein, cholesterol, phospholipids, or Bilayer (phosphates and lipids)

10. What are the microvilli, where are they found, function? • Microvilli- are finger like projections off of the plasma membrane. • Their major function is to increase surface area. This usually will increase their ability for absorption • Usually will be found in the lining of the small intestines

11. Describe the function of phosphates and lipids of the plasma Membrane, what is there relationship with water? • Phospholipids bilayer containing proteins • Phosphates are found on the outside (they are hydrophilic- water loving or attracts) • Lipids are found in the middle (they are hydrophobic- water fearing or repellant) • phopshate, lipid, lipid, phosphate

12. Name and describe the 3 types of junctions between cells. • Junctions- holds cells together • Tight- proteins in membrane (peripheral) bind together like a zipper. No space between the cells Prevents free passage of molecules in the space around the cells (interstitial fluid) • Why important in an area like the digestive system? • Desmosomes- mechanical coupling that prevents tissue layers from separating Plasma membranes don’t touch (like they are holding hands, held together by glycoproteins found often in the heart, skin etc. because of stress those tissues have • Gap- provides a direct passageway for chemicals between cells Membranes are very close connected by proteins called connexons(hollow tubes) Ions, and small molecules etc. cam go directly from 1 cell to another

13. What is: diffusion, osmosis, exocytosis, endocytosis? • Simple diffusion Small molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a selectively Permeable membrane-Eventually would even out • Difference between the concentrations is called a gradient • Osmosis Diffusion of water If molecules are too big to move across the membrane to even out the concentration then water will move

14. What is: diffusion, osmosis, exocytosis, endocytosis? • Active transport- movement of molecules across the membrane; requires the use of ATP energy: used to Move molecules against the gradient or large molecules that don’t fit through the membrane • Exocytosis- moves substance out of the cell; membrane encloses molecule in a sac- sac to membrane- membrane Opens and releases the molecule, then fuses back together • Endocytosis- substance attaches to outside of membrane- sac moves inside membranes fuse back together

15. Compare and contrast active and passive transport. • Passive Transport- movement of molecules etc. through the plasma membrane no energy is required • Active transport- movement of molecules across the membrane; requires the use of ATP energy: used toMove molecules against the gradient or large molecules that don’t fit through the membrane

16. Define: hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. Where is the concentration of water the greatest? Molecules?Which direction will water move? Molecules (solutes)? • Isotonic solution- equal amount of solutes (molecules) and water inside and outside the cell • Hypotonic solution- less water (more solutes) inside the cell than outside (water enters the cell) • Hypertonic solution- more water (less solutes) inside than outside the cell (water leaves the cell)