NS1300 – Emergence of Modern Science Energy and Thermodynamics

1. NS1300 – Emergence of Modern ScienceEnergy and Thermodynamics

2. Where does our energy come from, and will there be enough in the future?

3. Chapter 3 – Energy • Mechanical Energy • Thermal Energy • Chemical Energy • Electromagnetic Energy • Entropy

4. Law of Conservation of Energy • Energy is Neither Created nor Destroyed • Enthalpy: H = U + pV • H is the enthalpy • U is the internal energy • p is the pressure of the system • V is the volume • Entropy: S = k log W • W is the number of microstates corresponding to a given macrostate • K is Boltzmann’s Constant • Open Systems and Closed Systems • The Universe is the Only Closed System in Nature

5. Energy Conversion • Any form of energy can be transformed into any other form • Energy is the Ability to Do Work

6. Work • Work = Force X Distance (W = Fd) • Simple Machines

7. Mechanical Energy • Potential Energy • PE = -G(m1m2/R) • Kinetic Energy • E = 1/2mv2

8. Thermal Energy • Thermal Energy • Heat • Temperature • Calories

9. Thermodynamics • Thermal Energy • The internal energy of a system associated with kinetic energies of the molecules: • molecular translation, • rotation, and • vibration • electron translation and spin • nuclear spin • and the phase of the system.

10. Heat and Temperature • Specific Heat • Latent Heat • Molecular Kinetic Energy • Temperature Scales • Fahrenheit • Celsius • Kelvin • Absolute Zero

11. Flow of Heat • Radiation • Conduction • Convection

12. Heat Budgets Heat Budget of the Atmosphere and Ocean: QT = QSW + QLW + QS + QL + QV Thermoregulation

13. The 1st law of Thermodynamics • The increase in the internal energy of a thermodynamic system is equal to the amount of heat energy added to the system minus the work done by the system on the surroundings. • Heat is a process by which energy is added to a system or lost to a sink. • Energy is lost to a system by doing mechanical work. • Energy is always conserved between a system and its surroundings.

14. Efficiency • Engines • Systems • Organisms

15. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics • In an isolated system, a process can occur only if it increases the total entropy of the system. • Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a material at lower temperature to a material at higher temperature. • It is impossible to convert heat completely into work.

16. Applications of Entropy • Engineering • Mechanical • Chemical • Electrical • Biology • The Environment

17. Misconceptions About Entropy • Perpetual Motion • Free Point Energy • Complexity

18. Chemical Energy • Oxidation – Reduction • Photosynthesis • Respiration • Burning • Rusting

19. Trophic Levels • Producers • Photosynthesis • Chemosynthesis • Consumers • Grazers • Predators • Parasites • Decomposers • Saprophytes

20. Electromagnetic Energy • E = mc2

21. The Photon • Particle – Wave Duality • Photoelectric Effect • Induction

22. Power • Power = Work / Time (P = W/t)

23. Power Sources • Solar • Fossil Fuels • Electricity • Batteries

24. Future Energy Sources • Wind • Geothermal • Nuclear • Biofuels • Hydrogen

25. Zero Point Energy – An Alternative Energy Resource? • Zero Point Energy • Tachyons? • Zero Point Energy Generators? • Pseudoscience?

26. Quiz • 1. T or F, energy is the ability to do work. • 2. T or F, any form of energy can be converted to any other form of energy. • 3. Simple machines make work easier, but less efficient. Name a simple machine. • 4. T or F, photons can cause electrons to flow through a circuit. • 5. T or F, zero-point energy is a viable alternative source of energy for the future.