CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Definition 3. Applications in construction industry

1. Education and Culture Lifelong Learning Programme ERASMUS Assist.Prof.Dr. Lucija Hanžič LECTURE 4 Nanotechnology in Construction www.fg.uni-mb.si/lucija/presentations/2010covilha-lecture4.ppt CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Definition 3. Applications in construction industry 10 – 14 May 2010 Host institution University of Beira Interior Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture Covilha, Portugal Home institution University of Maribor Faculty of Civil Engineering Maribor, Slovenia

2. Assis.Prof.Dr. Lucija Hanžič Nanotechnology in construction 2/6 University of Maribor, Faculty of Civil Engineering Introduction The origin of nanotechnology 1959 – Richard Faynman, There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom, lecture First recorded concept of nanotechnology – Feynman considered possibility of manipulating matter on atomic scale. 1974 – Norio Taniguchi, On the Basic Concept of Nano-Technology, paper First recorded definition of nanotechnology: 'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule. 1986 – Kim Eric Drexler, Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, book Popularization of the “nanotechnology” term in relation to what is today known as molecular nanotechnology. Other terms used Nanoscience Nanoscale Materials Characterization Thin films Genomics Nanomaterials Nanocomposites Nanoparticles Nanocrystalline materials Nanofabrication Nanorobotics Nanomachining Nanodevices

3. Assis.Prof.Dr. Lucija Hanžič Nanotechnology in construction SILICA FUME Standard: 0.01 – 1 μm Ultra fine coloidal silica: 1 – 50 nm 3/6 University of Maribor, Faculty of Civil Engineering Definition Nanotechnology deals with structures which have at least one dimension smaller than 100 (200) nm. Misconceptions (abuse?) Issues dealing with MICROSTRUCTURE or MICROELEMENTS are often discussed under titles containing term nano. Focused ion beams (FIB) – tools for serial sectioning of nanoindentation sites in cementitious materials Observation of the nanostructure of cement hydration by soft X-ray transmission microscopy Nano-science and -technology for asphalt pavements MICROSCOPE vs. NANOSCOPE Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

4. Assis.Prof.Dr. Lucija Hanžič Nanotechnology in construction 4/6 University of Maribor, Faculty of Civil Engineering However, it is not only size that matters. Nanotechnology is not about minimization – not about making smaller devices based on the same principals, it is about implementing different principles. The smaller the objects - The less significant are gravitational forces and - Surface tension and Van der Waals forces dominate. TOP-DOWN APPROACHES Use of larger devices for creation of smaller devices thus, reducing size in each subsequent step. - AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) used for deposition of chemical on the surface creating a pattern - FIB (Focused Ion Beam) to remove or deposit material BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES Manipulation of material on an atom by atom basis. Arranging smaller components into more complex structures. Molecular self-assembly where molecule components arrange themselves into a designed structure with specific properties. HYBRID FABRICATION The macroworld through top-down approach meets the nanoworld through bottom-up approach. University of Maribor, Centre for Electron Microscopy, QUANTA 200 3D.

5. Assis.Prof.Dr. Lucija Hanžič Nanotechnology in construction 5/6 University of Maribor, Faculty of Civil Engineering Applications in construction industry SILICA FUME Silica fume is a pozzolanic material – it reacts with Ca(OH)2 which is product of cement hydration. It is used in production of high-performance concrete. Due to its pozzolanic properties it can replace part of cement but due to its size it significantly improves particle packing. Thus, denser structure is achieved and mechanical properties are improved. TITANIUM OXIDE TiO2 is a photocatalyst. Due to UV light electrons (e–) are exited into conduction band, thus in valence band a hole (h+) is created. CARBON NANOTUBE (CNT) CNT was first discovered in Russia in 1952 and rediscovered in Japan in 1990’s. Tensile strength: 10 – 150 GPa Young’s modulus: 300 – 950 GPa Density: 1.3 – 1.4 g/cm3

6. Assis.Prof.Dr. Lucija Hanžič Nanotechnology in construction 6/6 University of Maribor, Faculty of Civil Engineering NANOHOUSE (University of Sydney) The idea of this project is to implement products of nanotechnology into a smart house that fits needs of a modern family. Authors are incorporating already existing, commercially available products aswell as prototypes of recent developments. The emphasis is on energy efficiency due to reduction of the solar heat gain. SELF-HEALING HOUSE (University of Leeds) The aim is to design a high-tech villa in Greece that will be capable of resisting earthquakes due to nano polymer particles which will liquefy under pressure, flow into cracks and harden to form a solid material. Walls will also contain wireless, battery-less sensors which will collect data about stresses, vibrations, temperature etc., and set off the alarm in the case of the earthquake. NANO TO MACRO (n2m) SCALE BUILDING (University of Maribor, Stanford University) The idea is to build a house using nanorobots. These nanorobots would be guided by extrinsic control (probably light) and would use CO2 from air as a carbon source.