Unit 4

1. Unit 4 Law Enforcement Contact With African Americans Professor Brown

2. Quiz 1 Who is this cartoon character and where does he live? In 2009, this professional golfer, who had won 14 major golf championships, admitted to multiple infidelities, which resulted in openly publicized end of his marriage. Who stated, “"Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn!” OR what was the movie in which the quote was stated? What is the name of this famous sports figure and what sport is he best known for? Name any of the characters on the E! TV Reality Show: Keeping Up With The Kardashians. Images downloaded from:: http://cafeofsports.blogspot.com/2011/08/muhammad-ali.html & http://spongebob.nick.com/characters/spongebob_character.html

3. Quiz 1 Where does this cartoon character live? A Pineapple Under the Sea In 2009, this professional golfer, who had won 14 major golf championships, admitted to multiple infidelities, which resulted in openly publicized end of his marriage. Tiger Woods Who stated, “"Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn!” OR what was the movie in which the quote was stated?Clark Gable (Rhett Butler) in the movie Gone With The Wind What is the name of this famous sports figure and what sport is he best known for? Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.) and his sport is boxing Name any of the characters on the E! TV Reality Show: Keeping Up With The Kardashians. I have no idea Images downloaded from:: http://cafeofsports.blogspot.com/2011/08/muhammad-ali.html & http://spongebob.nick.com/characters/spongebob_character.html

4. 1.. Who was the first American public figure to suggest, albeit "as a suspicion only," that black people might be inherently inferior to whites? A. Thomas Jefferson B. Sir Walter Raleigh C. George Washington D. Robert E. Lee E. Capt. John Smith, founder of the Jamestown colony 2. Which of the following is not a result of federal government policies? A. Redlining B. Urban renewal C. Deterioration of inner cities D. Affirmative action quotas E. The wealth gap between black and white families 3. The rise of the idea of white supremacy was tied most directly to: A. Indian removalB. SlaveryC. The Declaration of IndependenceD. The U.S. ConstitutionE. Ancient Greece Quiz downloaded from: http://newsreel.org/guides/race/quiz.htm Quiz 2

5. 4. When white and black families of similar incomes are compared, what is the difference in their net worth? A. No differenceB. Black net worth is slightly greaterC. White net worth is more than eight times greaterD. White net worth is more than two times greaterE. Black net worth is twice as great 5. Which is NOT an example of a government racial preference program? A. 1964 Civil Rights ActB. 1862 Homestead ActC. 1790 Naturalization ActD. 1934 Federal Housing AdministrationE. 1935 Social Security Act 6. Of the $120 billion in home loans underwritten by the federal government between 1933 and 1962, what percentage went to white homeowners? A. 45 percentB. 64 percentC. 75 percentD. 88 percentE. 98 percent Quiz downloaded from: http://newsreel.org/guides/race/quiz.htm Quiz 2

6. 1. Who was the first American public figure to suggest, albeit "as a suspicion only," that black people might be inherently inferior to whites? • Thomas Jefferson- • Thomas Jefferson was the first prominent American to speculate that black people might be innately inferior to Europeans. Until then, most Enlightenment figures believed that differences between groups were not inborn but due to environmental factors. It wasn't until Jefferson introduced the radical new ideas of liberty and equality that slavery had to be justified and prejudices against the enslaved began to crystallize into a doctrine of white supremacy. American freedom and the idea of innate racial difference were born together. Historian Barbara Fields calls them "Siamese twins." • 2. Which of the following is not a result of federal government policies? • D. Affirmative action quotas- Federal affirmative action guidelines specifically prohibit quotas. Beginning in the 1930, the Federal Housing Administration and related programs made it possible for millions of average white Americans to own a home for the first time and set off the post-WWII suburban building boom. The government established a national neighborhood appraisal system, explicitly tying mortgage eligibility to race, a policy known today as "redlining." The FHA and other government policies made possible the post-World War II all-white suburbs, while people of color and in central cities were denied loans. Government policies and practices helped create two legacies that are still with us today: segregated communities and a substantial wealth gap between whites and nonwhites, much of which can be traced to the differential value of their homes. • Quiz downloaded from: http://newsreel.org/guides/race/quiz.htm

7. 3. The rise of the idea of white supremacy was tied most directly to: C. The Declaration of Independence- Ironically, it was freedom, not slavery, that gave rise to modern theories of race. Until the Revolutionary period, slavery was an unquestioned "fact of life." It was only when Americans proclaimed the radical new idea that "all men are created equal" that slavery was first challenged as immoral. As historian Barbara Fields notes, the new idea of race helped explain why some people could be denied the rights and freedoms that others took for granted. 4. When white and black families of similar incomes are compared, what is the difference in their net worth? D. White net worth is more than two times greater- Probably no one statistic better captures the cumulative disadvantage of past discrimination than wealth. Even at the same income levels, whites still have, on average, twice as much wealth as nonwhites. Much of this difference is due to the different rates of home ownership and the different values of homes in white and Black neighborhoods. But wealth is not only the end point, it's the starting line for the next generation - helping finance your children's education, helping them through hard times, or helping with the down payment of their own home. Economists estimate 50-80% of one's lifetime wealth accumulation can be traced to this head start. As wealth gets passed down from generation to generation, the legacy of past discrimination accumulates, giving whites and nonwhites vastly different life chances. Quiz downloaded from: http://newsreel.org/guides/race/quiz.htm

8. 5. Which is NOT an example of a government racial preference program? A. 1964 Civil Rights Act The Civil Rights Act made racial discrimination in public places illegal. The other programs are all examples of racial preferences - for white people. Over a 40-year period, the Homestead Act gave away, for free, 270 million acres of what had been Indian Territory, almost all of it to white people. The Naturalization Act allowed only "free white persons" to adopt citizenship, thus opening our doors to European immigrants, but barring Asians and other groups. Racial barriers to citizenship were not removed until 1952. The Federal Housing Administration made it possible for millions of average white Americans - but not others - to own a home for the first time. (see #16 above). And the Social Security Act specifically exempted two occupations from coverage: farm-workers and domestics, both largely non-white. 6. Of the $120 billion in home loans underwritten by the federal government between 1933 and 1962, what percentage went to white homeowners? E. 98 percent Beginning in the 1930s and 1940s, the federal government created programs that subsidized low-cost home loans, opening up home ownership to millions of Americans for the first time. At the same time, government underwriters introduced a national appraisal system tying property value and loan eligibility to race, inventing "redlining," and effectively locking nonwhites out of home-buying just as most middle class white Americans were beginning to purchase homes. Quiz downloaded from: http://newsreel.org/guides/race/quiz.htm

9. The Purpose of The Quiz What type of: Knowledge Information Wisdom is important to YOU?

10. Group Identification Terms Negro replaced colored people Black replaced Negro African American replaced Black (1990’s ) Not all Blacks wish to be called African Americans.

11. -A brutal system formed in response to white Southerners' fears of lawlessness and even insurrection on the part of the slaves, who outnumbered whites by almost two to one in some areas • -1700 and 1865 (1700s through the Civil War) • Was describes the system of slave policing • -Helped give rise to the Ku Klux Klan • "The Klan was an extension of slave patrols in most direct, obvious ways," said Sally Hadden. "They've changed the names from patrols to Klan, they've put on sheets, but the activities and the purpose remain pretty much the same." • -Information obtained and downloaded on 2/24/2011 from: http://www.fsu.edu/news/2005/05/17/slave.patrols/ Slave Patrols

12. Jim Crow Laws The Jim Crow system was undergirded by the following beliefs or rationalizations: -Whites were superior to Blacks in all important ways Including but not limited to: -intelligence -morality -civilized behavior; -Sexual relations between Blacks and Whites would produce a mongrel race which would destroy America -Treating Blacks as equals would encourage interracial sexual unions; -Any activity which suggested social equality encouraged interracial sexual relations -If necessary, violence must be used to keep Blacks at the bottom of the racial hierarchy -Downloaded on 2/24/2011 from: http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htm

13. What is racial profiling? • Using race, alone or with other factors, as a proxy for suspiciousness. • Exercising officer discretion in a racially uneven way

14. History Of Racial Profiling Racial profiling is based on the premise that most drug offenses are committed by minorities. The premise is factually untrue, but it has nonetheless become a self fulfilling prophecy in some areas of the country.

15. The Profile Is Born DEA Special Agent Paul Markonni developed the first drug courier profile in the early 1970s. By 1979, the profile was in use at more than 20 airports and in the 1980s, skin color became a profile component.

16. History cont… In 1986, a racially biased drug courier profile was introduced to state police and highway patrol personnel nation wide. The DEA launched what they called, “Operation Pipeline.” This program has trained over 27,000 police officers in 48 participating states in the practice of pretext stops in order to find drugs in vehicles. These pretext stops are at the heart of racial profiling.

17. Did you know… This cycle carries with it a profound personal and societal cost. It is both symptomatic and symbolic of larger problems at the intersection of race and the criminal justice system. It results in the persecution of innocent people based on their skin color. It has a corrosive effect on the legitimacy of our justice system. It deters people of color from cooperating with the police in criminal investigations. In the courtroom it causes jurors of all races and ethnicities to doubt the testimony of police officers when they serve as witnesses, making criminal cases more difficult to win.

18. Your Thoughts Why is racial profiling so insidious to the community as a whole?

19. Dangers of Racial Profiling • Timothy McVeigh • “Timothy McVeigh, a whitemale assailant later convicted of delivering the bomb alone,was able to flee while officers operated on the initial theory that ‘Arab terrorists’ had committed the attacks.”-AIUSA • Charles Stuart • On Oct. 23, 1989, Charles Stuart shot and killed his pregnant wife, Carol Stuart. His accusation that a black man was responsible inflamed racial tensions in Boston.(For More on this story: http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--White-Boston-Man-Kills-Pregnant-Wife--Blames-Imaginary-Black-Man.html) • Susan Smith • Strapped her two sons into their car seats and rolled her car into a lake; killing both Michael 3 year old and Alex 14 months old. Susan claimed a black man carjacked her and drove off with the children. • Muhammed and Malvo • "We were looking for a white van with white people, and we ended up with a blue car with black people." -Washington DC Police Chief Charles Ramsey, on ending the search for the Washington Area Snipers

20. “ Policing was not meant to discriminate, be prejudicial, or racially biased. When these elements present themselves, we all suffer. We suffer not only as a profession but as a society as well. The trust that is broken will take a lifetime to mend.” -T D

21. Did You Know? We currently live in a society in which 13.5% of the population is comprised of African American\ Blacks; however of this 13.5% of the United States population, a staggering 43% of all murder victims in 2007 were African American\ Blacks. Of this 43%, 93.1% were killed by other African Americans\ Blacks. Raynor, J. (n.d.). Black on black crime statistics. Retrieved from: http://www.hhscenter.org/bonbstat.html

22. December 2010 DJIS Study Disparate Sentences of African Americans to Prison Statewide, among defendants with a Class 4 possession charge, African Americans were sentenced to prison at a rate almost five times greater than whites: 19 percent of African-American defendants compared with 4 percent of white defendants. When the sample was restricted to defendants with fewer than two previous convictions (i.e., roughly equal criminal histories), African Americans entering the court system were sentenced to prison at a rate three times that of whites for a conviction for a Class 4 possession offense (10 percent versus 3 percent). -Downloaded on 2/23/2011 from: http://www.centerforhealthandjustice.org/DJIS_FullReport_1229.pdf

23. % of black men in prison vs. % in U.S. population -Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison Inmates at Midyear 2008 – Statistical Tables, March 2009 “Changes in sentencing law and policy, not increases in crime rates, explain most of the six-fold increase in the national prison population. These changes have significantly impacted racial disparities in sentencing, as well as increased the use of “one size fits all" mandatory minimum sentences that allow little consideration for individual characteristics.” -The Sentencing Project Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison Inmates at Midyear 2008 – Statistical Tables, March 2009

24. % of black men in prison vs. % in U.S. population

25. 2010 Hate Crimes In 2010, law enforcement agencies reported that 3,725 single-bias hate crime offenses were racially motivated. Of these offenses: ■69.8 percent were motivated by anti-black bias. ■18.2 percent stemmed from anti-white bias. ■5.7 percent were a result of bias against groups of individuals consisting of more than one race (anti-multiple races, group). ■5.1 percent resulted from anti-Asian/Pacific Islander bias. ■1.2 percent were motivated by anti-American Indian/Alaskan Native bias. -Downloaded on 4/11/2012 from:http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2010/narratives/hate-crime-2010-incidents-and-offenses

26. Question…do you feel African American slavery has created great psychological and social problems for blacks and whites of later generations? Explain why or why not…