Asociación de Universidades Grupo Montevideo

1. 2008 Satellite Direct Readout Conference Comparative evaluation between NOAA AVHRR, MODIS, Feng Yun 1D, and LandSat 5 TM images working as a satellite constellation for burned areas detection on Paraná Medio Flooding Valley in Argentina. Researchers: Arq. Carlos Cotlier1 Agrim. Benito Vicioso2 Agrim. José Belaga2 Tec. Diego López1 1 - Centro de Sensores Remotos - Universidad Nacional de Rosario - Argentina 2 - FCEIyA - Universidad Nacional de Rosario - Argentina Asociación de Universidades Grupo Montevideo Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingeniería y Agrimensura

2. Abstract. Bushes and natural vegetation are burned on the islands belonging to the Paraná River Flooding Valley to obtain soft grass for cattle raising, burning has been intensified in the last years, destruction of a wild wetlands with unique characteristic are done. Because of the unique characteristics, this flora and fauna reservation should be protected by monitoring against indiscriminate burning. The use of NDII (Normalized Difference Infrared Index) and BAI (Burned Area Index) indexes are applied for the analysis of the affected areas and images were created with infrared bands combinations.

3. A NOAA 12, 08/25/2004, 321 RGB Feng Yun 1D, 03/26/2004, 321 RGB A Feng Yun 1D, 03/26/2004, 3T21 RGB NOAA 12, 08/25/2004, 3T21 RGB A A NOAA and Feng Yun Burned Detected Areas.

4. Applied Methodology. Using images from different satellite sensors over a same study area we tried to determine if the data information of a satellite constellation allow to detect which ones are optimum by means of their spatial or spectral resolution. a) A LandSat 5 TM image was used (February 18, 2006) to determine the fire focus location with the most accurate precision, a main focus with a big smoke column was chosen. b) With aid of the high temporal resolution of NOAA-AVHRR, Feng Yun 1D and MODIS, the next day images (February 19, 2006) were used to check the burned areas and analyze the sensors different spectral response.

5. Utilized Satellites. FENG YUN Series (Wind and Cloud) NOAA Series North Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration US Department of Commerce USA. China Meteorological Administration Peoples Republic of China. 1.1 Km Pixel Resolution 1.1 Km Pixel Resolution

6. Utilized Satellites. LandSat 5 TM Terra-Aqua National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationUSA National Aeronautics and Space Administration USA 30 m Resolución Pixel 500 m Resolución Pixel

7. Reception Antenna.

8. Capture and Decoding System.

9. 743 Bands RGB 7 Band BW 4 Band BW 3 Band BW 6 Band BW 02/18/2006 LandSat 5 TM Image Analysis. Latitude: Longitude: -33º 39’ 34.8” -59º 18’ 41.9” Analyzed central pixel

10. 51x51 Matrix Subset - 7 Band 51x51 Matrix Subset - 4 Band 51x51 Matrix Subset - 3 Band 51x51 Matrix Subset - 6 Band 02/18/2006 LandSat 5 TM Image Matrixes.

11. NOAA - Feng Yun -MODIS - LandSat comparative table.

12. Bow Tie effect on MODIS images. In contrast to other scanning sensors like e.g. AVHRR, MODIS is observing within one scan ten lines of 1km spatial resolution (40 lines of 250m resolution and 20 lines of 500m resolution, respectively). Due to this unique feature, the so called panoramic "bow tie" - effect occurs at the border of each scene. In the figure, a schematic layout of the "bow tie" effect is presented. Three consecutive MODIS scans each consisting of ten 1km lines. Due to the panoramic "bow tie" effect, the scans are partially overlapping at off Nadir angles. The first and third scan are represented by the light grey grids, while the second scan is shown in black.

13. Index Calculation for Specific Area Detection. NDII (Normalized Difference Infrared Index) NOAA-AVHRR MODIS Feng Yun 1D LandSat 5 TM BAI (Burned Area Index) NOAA-AVHRR and Feng Yun 1D MODIS

14. 721 Bands RGB 7 Band BW 2 Band BW 1 Band BW 32 Band BW 19/02/2006 MODIS Image Analysis. Analyzed burned area central pixel. Latitude: Longitude: -33º 39’ 34.8” -59º 18’ 41.9” Radiometric value: 0.170700 Analyzed healthy vegetation central pixel. Latitude: Longitude: -33º 44’ 43.8” -59º 16’ 55.9” Radiometric value: 0.290331

15. 19/02/2006 MODIS Image Matrixes. 9x21 Matrix Subset - 7 Band 9x21 Matrix Subset - 2 Band 9x21 Matrix Subset - 1 Band 9x21 Matrix Subset - 32 Band

16. 621 Bands RGB 6 Band BW 2 Band BW 1 Band BW 4 Band BN 19/02/2006 Feng Yun 1D Image Analysis. Analyzed burned area central pixel. Latitude: Longitude: -33º 39’ 34.8” -59º 18’ 41.9” Radiometric value: 0.0948339 Analyzed healthy vegetation central pixel. Latitude: Longitude: -33º 44’ 43.8” -59º 16’ 55.9” Radiometric value: 0.109571

17. Feng Yun 1D 19/02/2006 Image Matrixes. 9x21 Matrix Subset - 6 Band 9x21 Matrix Subset - 2 Band 9x21 Matrix Subset - 1 Band 9x21 Matrix Subset - 4 Band

18. 321 Bands RGB 3 Band BW 2 Band BW 1 Band BW 4 Band BW 19/02/2006 NOAA-AVHRR Image Analysis. Analyzed burned area central pixel. Latitude: Longitude: -33º 39’ 34.8” -59º 18’ 41.9” Radiometric value: 0.125630 Analyzed healthy vegetation central pixel. Latitude: Longitude: -33º 44’ 43.8” -59º 16’ 55.9” Radiometric value: 0.152622

19. NOAA-AVHRR 17 19/02/2006 Image Matrixes. 9x21 Matrix Subset - 3 Band 9x21 Matrix Subset - 2 Band 9x21 Matrix Subset - 1 Band 9x21 Matrix Subset - 4 Band

20. CONCLUSIONS. 1 An optic satellite constellation proved to be optimum for fire damage analysis when satellite revisit dates allow it. With the aid of low and medium spatial resolution, a more precision size of the burned areas and possible assess of the damage caused was determined. 2 The use of a LandSat TM 5 image with a 30 meters spatial resolution to determine the main fire focus and with the help of lower spatial resolution images but with higher daily and hourly revisit as NOAA, Feng Yun and MODIS allows a better and more accurate data information in a 24 hours period after fire detection. Care should be taken not confusing the burned areas with water bodies (pure water) or any other surface that can confuse .

21. CONCLUSIONS. 3 The question remaining is: how to work with this constellation methodology when LandSat revisit time is 16 days? In this case we recommend the use others satellite images like IRS, SPOT (30 meters resolution), SAC-C (with a 175 meters spatial resolution), CBERS (25 meters resolution), IKONOS, Quick Bird (one meters resolution), etc. 4 Each year more countries are putting in orbit more medium resolution satellite, in the near future countries like Nigeria, China, Israel, France and Korea has or are going to have more MIR bands satellite with a spatial resolution of 30 meters or lower.

22. CONCLUSIONS. If no commercial satellite match with their revisit time, MODIS can be used because of the daily revisit time but with a spatial resolution of 500 meters. 5 6 Finally we can conclude that the use an optic satellite constellation when revisit dates allow, it is optimum for fire damage analysis. Allowing with the use of Medium and Low spatial resolution platforms allow to determine an accurate size of burned areas and possible assess of the damage with more precision.