Chapter 9

1. What reasons would people have had for moving out west? What dangers would they face? Do you think it would be worth it? Chapter 9

2. Manifest Destiny • Term was coined by John O'Sullivan in a newspaper article • He encouraged annexing Texas • Believed Manifest Destiny would happen without force, the US government or the military

3. Manifest Destiny • Thomas Jefferson added Louisiana Purchase in 1803 • After the War of 1812, settlers went in limited number • 1840’s there was a huge wave of westward expansion • Used “Manifest Destiny”- US’s destiny to expand to Pacific Ocean and Mexican Territory

4. Reasons for Going • Panic of 1837 • Abundance of land • Merchants sought new markets

6. Farming the New Lands • Early settlers= squatters: settled land they didn't own. • Government wanted to go through real estate companies, but squatters didn't. • Preemption Act of 1830 (made permenant in 1840) allowed squatters to claim unsurveyed land and buy up to 160 for $1.25 per acre.

7. Inventions! • 1834 Cyrus McCormick patented a mechanical reaper—harvest more grain. • 1837 John Deere engineered a steel-edged plow—reducing labor.

8. The Donner Party

9. Impact on Natives • Some traded horses, information, and food for guns and clothing • Some assimilated • Some were forced to move • Some fought against the settlers

10. Fort Laramie Treaty • Numbers of displaced Natives fought with settlers (Black Hawk War) • In response, US gov’t met with Cheyenne, Arapaho, Sioux, Crow and others • 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie gave Natives control of Central Plains • Natives promised not to attack settlers and US would honor boundaries • Settler movement increased—trampled land and hunted elk and buffalo

11. Expansion into TexasA prelude to war Why would Mexico be willing to have US settlers in their territories?

12. Opening Texas • Mexican gov’t was far from where the settlements in Texas were. • Made it hard to settle because of natives. (Apache and Comanche) • Mexican settlers refused to live there, so Mexico invited US settlers. • Also wanted closer economic ties to US

13. Empresarios and Settlers • Some settlers came to Texas on their own. • National Colonization Act—Mexico gave land grants to empresarios who had to entice settlers. • Stephen Austin first and most successful empresario.

15. Rising Tensions • US settlers had to accept Mexican citizenship and become Catholic. • Mexico assumed this would make US settlers see Mexico as their own country. • Mexicans distrusted the settlers because of their American lifestyle.

16. Rising Tensions cont’d • 1826 Benjamin Edwards led rebellion against Mexico. • Disagreement over whether Mexican gov’t or empresarios controlled the region. • He declared US settlements in Texas made up independent nation of Fredonia.. • Stephen Austin helped Mexico crush rebellion.

17. Mexican Reaction • Rebellion had few followers, but it fueled Mexican gov’t’s fear. • Mexico closed borders and banned import of enslaved labor. • Also put taxes on goods imported from foreign countries.

18. Settler Reaction & War! • Settlers angry because settlements couldn’t grow without immigration. • Also import tax meant higher prices for goods. • Finally, settlers didn’t feel Mexican gov’t was their own—didn’t like them telling them what to do. • Stephen Austin sent to negotiate with Mexican leaders but talks are going nowhere • Austin sends a letter back to San Antonio to secret encourage leaders to start organizing a separate Texas government, but it’s intercepted. • Austin put in prison and President Santa Anna makes himself a dictator • Texas begins fighting for its independence • The Alamo & Goliad • Final big battle at San Jacinto • Santa Anna is captured and Texas wins independence from Mexico • The Republic of Texas elects Sam Houston as its first president and votes to be annexed by the United States • Not everyone wants Texas, however….President Jackson signs a resolution recognizing Texas as an independent country.

19. What has to happen to fulfill the American Ideal of Manifest Destiny?

20. The War with Mexico From Sea to Shining Sea

21. The Problem with Texas • Texas has a large population of Southerners • Tyler tries to get Texas annexed by using a pro-slavery letter from Calhoun, but fails • His pro-slavery appearance prevents his reelection

22. Election of 1844 • James K. Polk wins the election • Democrat • His supporters declare “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight” • Get all of Oregon or go to war with Britain • Polk had no intention of war, he agrees to take up to the 49 degree north latitude

23. Texas and California • Polk argues with Mexico over its boundaries • Sends John Slidell to buy California • Polk sends troops to take what he thinks is Texas • Gen. Zachary Taylor • War with Mexico! See map on p. 310

24. Bear Flag Republic • John C. Fremont started fighting in Ca. before war was even declared • Bear Flag Republic- Independent Ca. • Annexed by U.S. • Winfield Scott marches on Mexico City, wins war • Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago

25. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Manifest Destiny comes true • U.S. Stretches from Coast to Coast • Oregon, California, Utah, Nevada • U.S. pays 15 million, and 3.25 million in debts • Issue of slavery?????